. . . A Clock object is an object that can be used to track time. . . . . . . 347 347 347 347 348 349 350 . . Contents xxi . Concurrency and Parallelism. . . We will see examples of using the pyplot API in the following sections. . . . . . It also denes an add method that is used to add a gure to the DrawingModel (the actual gure depends on the current mode of the PyDrawController). . An integrated set of modules can be treated as a unit and unit tested in much the same way as the constituent modules, but usually working at a higher level of functionality. . Hunt, Advanced Guide to Python 3 Programming, Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25943-3_21 249 250 21.3 21 Working with Excel Files The Openpyxl. 40.6.6 Invoking the Service . The read process only ever moves forward and only to the next item of data to read. . As we called init() on the pygame module at the 12.4 A First pygame Application 133 start of our program we will therefore need to call pygame.quit() at the end of the program to ensure everything is tidied up appropriately. . . . . . . . . . The break after the statement setting paused to False ensures that the inner for loop is terminated allowing the outer while loop to check the value of paused and terminate. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. . . Each subplot has its own axes which can coexist within the gure. . . . . . . . . . . . . In this Definitive Python Advanced Level Guide, you're about to discover. . . . When a TextIOWrapper is created there are a range of options available to control its behaviour: io.TextIOWrapper(buffer, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=No ne, line_buffering=False, write_through=False) 19.7 Text Stream Classes 237 Where buffer is the buffered binary stream. . . Another option is to use a binary format for data in a le. . 28.4 Logger Conguration . . . . . /book/2 will indicate we want information on the book with ISBN 2. . . . It is particularly useful as the pygame.Rect class provides several collision detection methods that can be used to test if one rectangle (or point) is inside another rectangle. Similarly, it is often easier to convey some meaning by manipulating some system entities on screen, than by combinations of text commands. . . . . This is done again using the @patch decorator but using the unittest.mock.PropertyMock class and the new_callable parameter. 22.5.4 The search() Function . . The test then validates the result to ensure that it is correct; i.e. . . . . . This data may be stored locally or remotely on disks, tapes, DVD drives, USB drives etc. . . . . . . . . . . . Author: Dan Bader . . . The following table illustrates some of the ASCII character codes and what they represent: Decimal code Character Meaning 42 43 48 49 50 51 65 66 67 68 * + 0 1 2 3 A B C D Asterisk Plus Zero One Two Three Uppercase Uppercase Uppercase Uppercase A B C D (continued) 17.4 File Input/Output 213 (continued) Decimal code Character Meaning 97 98 99 100 a b c d Lowercase Lowercase Lowercase Lowercase a b c d ASCII is a very useful format to use for text les as they can be read by a wide range of editors and browsers. . . Following this the canned response from the mock version of the _hidden_method() is dened; it will always return the value 10. The main issue on both input and output is one of bandwidth. . . . . . . . . . . . . mock() This will result in the Exception being raised when the mock() is invoked. . . The following sample application illustrates how this function might be used: print('Starting') acc = accounts.CurrentAccount('123', 'John', 10.05, 100.0) acc.deposit(23.45) acc.withdraw(12.33) print('Writing Account Transactions') write_account_transaction_to_csv('accounts.csv', acc) print('Done') The contents of the CSV le would then be: Chapter 21 Working with Excel Files 21.1 Introduction This chapter introduces the openpyxl module that can be used when working with Excel les. . Using seek we are repositioning ourselves at the start of the le and then reading the line we have just written. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The key to the unittest.mock library is the Mock class and its subclass MagicMock. . . . . . . . . 2.4 Interactive and Non Interactive Graphics 2.5 Pixels . . Alternatively, if you are using PyCharm you will be able to add the OpenPyXL library to your project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The patch.dict decorator patches a dictionary or dictionary like object. . . . . . . . . . There are nine different sections within the book covering Computer Graphics (including GUIs . A space is left between each category to make it easier to compare the sub categories. . . . . . In the simple example shown above this is represented by a for loop that receives events using pygame.event.get() and then checking to see if the event is a pygame.QUIT event. . . . . . . . 18.13 Working with Paths 229 These are used below dir = Path('./test') print('Create new file') newfile = dir / 'text.txt' print('Write some text to file') newfile.write_text('Hello Python World!') To invoke the delete_book() function we therefore need to ensure that the request that is sent uses the DELETE request method. . . . . The startangle parameter. . The other optional fmtparams keyword arguments can be given to override individual formatting parameters in the current dialect. 2.2 Background . . The poly1d object is then used to generate a set of values for use with the set of x values for the function pyplot.plot(). . 35.5.1 Cold Observables . . . The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. . . . . . . . . . The marker Indicates the marker style such as o for a circle, a ^ for a triangle and * for a star shape. 16.6 The unittest.mock Library 193 16.6.1 Mock and Magic Mock Classes The unittest.mock library provides the Mock class and the MagicMock class. . All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. . If the player survives for this number of cycles then they have won. . . . . . . . . . . . . . The application should generate the display for a simple UI. In many situations this can be extracted from the source code of the application (with varying degrees of difculty). . . Advanced Guide to Python 3 Programming delves deeply into a host of subjects that you need to understand if you are to develop sophisticated real-world programs. . However, it is common in games to perform a series of updates to the display in the background and then when the program is ready to update the display to call this function. . . . . One approach is the Event based model described earlier. . . . . . . . 25.4 Inserting Data to the Database . . . . . . . . This concept is important as Unix/Linux/Max OS X and Windows le systems represent an inverted tree of directories and les., It is thus important to be able to uniquely reference locations with the tree. . Bind the Event to the Event Handler via the Binder Name using the Bind() method of the widget or window. . . 4. . . . With Python, it ends taking place brute one of the favored ebook Python 4 Books In 1 Beginners Guide Tips And Tricks Best Practices Advanced Guide To Programming Code With Python collections that we have. . . . . . . For example: pygame.display.update() pygame.display.flip() The update() method will redraw the display with all changes made to the display in the background. . . . The MainLoop() method is then invoked. . . . . It also uses the turtle.tracer() function to speed up drawing the picture as 2000 changes will be buffered before the screen is updated. . . . . . . 42 5.5 5 Introduction to Matplotlib Online Resources See the online documentation for: https://matplotlib.org The Matplotlib library. . . . This is shown below. . It is therefore a more flexible data I/O model. 35.7 Advantages of Reactive Programming . . . . . . For example, f1 references a io.TextIOWrapper because it must encode (convert) the input text into Unicode using the UTF-8 encoding scheme. . . . . . . . . The tests thus drive or dictate the code that is developed. This denes the default value for the default temporary directory to be used with the other functions in this module. . . . . It is in part thanks to the accessibility of computer systems via computer graphic interfaces that almost everybody now uses some form of computer system (whether that is a PC, a tablet, a mobile phone or a smart TV). . The availability of Computer Graphics is very important for the huge acceptance of computer systems by non computer scientists over the last 40 years. . 10.4.4 Adding a Graphic Object A user adds a graphic object to the drawing displayed by the DrawingPanel by pressing the mouse button. . https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html A list of all the builtin features for the Python languagethis is where you can nd online documentation for the various class and functions that we will be using throughout this book. . . You should create a simple program to draw an octagon on the Turtle Graphics screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DrawEllipse (x, y, width, height) Draws an ellipse contained in the rectangle specied either with the given top left corner and the given size or directly. . . . . . 12.3.1 Event Types Each event that occurs has associated information such as the type of that event. . . . The result is then stored. . . . . It also has a button attribute indicating which mouse was pressed. . . . Render the display. . . . . . . . . . The size of this dot or cell and the number of cells available will vary depending upon the type, size and resolution of the screen. . Hello, Sign in. . . . As such Python programs can be written on one platform (such as a Linux box) and then run on that platform or another operating system platform (such as Windows or Mac OS). . . For example: @patch('mymodule.sys') @patch('mymodule.os') @patch('mymodule.os.path') def test_something(self, mock_os_path, mock_os, mock_sys): # The rest of the test method 202 16 Mocking for Testing Notice that the last patchs mock is passed into the second parameter passed to the test_something() method (self is the rst parameter to all methods). . For example, you might wish to ll in one of the squares we have drawn as shown below: To do this we can use the begin_ll() and end_ll() functions: begin_ll() indicates that shapes should be lled with the current ll colour, this function should be called just before drawing the shape to be lled. . . . . . . . . 311 27.1 The Logging Module . Therefore, integration testing focuses on the interaction between two or more units to make sure that those units work together successfully and appropriately. . . . . . . The directory that holds the given directory is known as the parent directory. . . . . . . 24 7 systems). . . . . The le owner can have rights specied for reading, writing and executing a le. . . . In some cases the location of the data is recorded in an index and thus is also known as indexed access. . . . Ticks (Major and Minor) The Ticks are represented by the class matplotlib.axis.Tick. . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . Such an image can viewed by the user but not modied. . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . https://pythonprogramming.net/matplotlib-python-3-basics-tutorial Python Matplotlib crash course. . . . . . . . . Such as cd to change directory or pwd to print the working directory. . The operations supported by buffered streams include, for reading: peek(n) return up to n bytes of data without advancing the stream pointer. . . . . . . Chapter Organisation Each chapter has a brief introduction, the main body of the chapter, followed by a list of online references that can be used for further reading. . . . . . . . . . . . Excel is a software application developed by Microsoft that allows users to work with spreadsheets. . The pause operation can be implemented as a method _pause() that will consume all events until the appropriate key is pressed. . . . . . . . 22.5.6 The Difference Between Matching and Searching Python offers two different primitive operations based on regular expressions: match() checks for a match only at the beginning of the string, search() checks for a match anywhere in the string. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This batches a series of updates and the causes the display to be refreshed. . . . . . . . . You will still need an internal representation of the grid so that you can determine who, if anyone, has won. 200 16 Mocking for Testing 16.7.7 Applying Patch to Every Test Method If you want to mock out something for every test in a test class then you can decorate the whole class rather than each individual method. . . . It thus represents the overall window or page and is the top, out graphical component. . Such Behaviour Based testing often involves end users and other stake holders who are less technical. An example of how the GUI for the TicTacToe game might look is given below: You can also add dialogs to obtain the players names and to notify them who won or whether there was a draw. . . . In white box testing, test coverage is measured by the number of code paths that have been tested. . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 Mock and MagicMock Usage 201 import people from unittest.mock import * from unittest import TestCase from unittest import main class MyTest(TestCase): def test_one(self): with patch('people.Person') as MockPerson: self.assertIs(people.Person, MockPerson) instance = MockPerson.return_value instance.calculate_pay.return_value = 250.0 payroll = people.Payroll() result = payroll.generate_payslip(instance) self.assertEqual('You earned 250.0', result, 'payslip incorrect') 16.8 Mock Where You Use It The most common error made by people using the unittest.mock library is mocking in the wrong place. The goal in unit testing is to provide 100% coverage: to exercise every instruction, all sides of each logical branch, all called objects, handling of all data structures, normal and abnormal termination of all loops etc. . path.joinpath(/ temp). . . . In a Continuous Integration (CI) environment, new builds of a system are regularly and repeatedly tested (for example whenever a change is made to their codebase). Formatters . And you can also explicitly position the cursor: goto(x, y) move the cursor to the x, y location on the screen specied; if the pen is down draw a line. If the associated test conrms that a trade when priced in dollars is correctly converted to funds using the current exchange rate then that test is likely to generate a different result every time it is run. . . . . At the moment this not a very interactive game as it does not do anything except allow the user to quit. . . . . For example, if we want to indicate that the J may be a capital or a lower-case letter then we can write [Jj]this indicates that either J or j can match the rst. . In fact there are several widely used mocking frameworks available for Python including: unittest.mock The unittest.mock (included in the Python distribution from Python 3.3 onwards). Find the correct Event Binder name, e.g. . . A Transaction itself could be dened by a class with an action (deposit or withdrawal) and an amount. Also notice that the frame must be shown (displayed) for the user to see it. It will also initialise the main window display (for example by setting the size and the caption of the window). . . . . . . with_name(new_name) return a new path object with the name changed. . . . 38.3 Web Services . . 11.2 Games Frameworks and Libraries 11.3 Python Games Development . We now have two choices one is to merely ll the whole screen with black; effectively hiding anything that has been drawn so far; or alternatively we could just draw over the area used by the previous image position. . . . 32.1 Introduction . . Chaining Operators . . . . . 8.8 Online Resources . The classes constructor initialises three tools that are displayed within the toolbar. . . 12.9 Online Resources . . This indicates the top left hand corner of the rectangle. . . . Thus the success of failure of a function or method or the overall state of an object is dependent on other program elements. 16.6.2 The Patchers The unittest.mock.patch(), unittest.mock.patch.object() and unittest.patch.dict() decorators can be used to simplify the creation of mock objects. . . . . . Strictly speaking the blit() method draws one surface (the source surface) onto another surface at the destination coordinates. . . 241 241 241 242 243 244 245 246 246 21 Working with Excel Files . . othis indicates that each marker (each point being plotted) should be represented by a cirlce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advanced Guide to Python 3 Programming : John Hunt : 9783030259426 Usamos cookies para ofrecerte la mejor experiencia posible. . . . . . . Fonts. SEEK_END or 2: seek to the end of the stream; offset must be zero (all other values are unsupported). . . pygame.font The font module is used to create and render TrueType fonts into a new Surface object. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In this case the StaticText is being displayed directly within the Frame and thus the frame object is its containing parent object. . . . . . . . 23.6 Further Reading . . . . . 29.1 Introduction . . . 2.8 Python and Computer Graphics . 172 14 Introduction to Testing 14.6.1 The TDD Cycle There is a cycle to development when working in a TDD manner. . . . It is part of the Python os module which provides methods that can be used to perform a range of le-processing operations (such as renaming a le). . . . . . . . SDL itself is written in C and pygame provides a wrapper around SDL. . . . . Note that once you have read some text from a le using one of the above operations then that line is not read again. . . . . class PyDrawMenuBar(wx.MenuBar): def __init__(self): super().__init__() fileMenu = wx.Menu() newMenuItem = wx.MenuItem(fileMenu, wx.ID_NEW, text="New", kind=wx.ITEM_NORMAL) newMenuItem.SetBitmap(wx.Bitmap("new.gif")) fileMenu.Append(newMenuItem) loadMenuItem = wx.MenuItem(fileMenu, wx.ID_OPEN, text="Open", kind=wx.ITEM_NORMAL) loadMenuItem.SetBitmap(wx.Bitmap("load.gif")) fileMenu.Append(loadMenuItem) fileMenu.AppendSeparator() saveMenuItem = wx.MenuItem(fileMenu, wx.ID_SAVE, text="Save", kind=wx.ITEM_NORMAL) saveMenuItem.SetBitmap(wx.Bitmap("save.gif")) fileMenu.Append(saveMenuItem) fileMenu.AppendSeparator() quit = wx.MenuItem(fileMenu, wx.ID_EXIT, '&Quit\tCtrl+Q') fileMenu.Append(quit) self.Append(fileMenu, '&File') drawingMenu = wx.Menu() lineMenuItem = wx.MenuItem(drawingMenu, PyDraw_Constants.LINE_ID, text="Line", kind=wx.ITEM_NORMAL) drawingMenu.Append(lineMenuItem) squareMenuItem = wx.MenuItem(drawingMenu, PyDraw_Constants.SQUARE_ID, text="Square", kind=wx.ITEM_NORMAL) drawingMenu.Append(squareMenuItem) circleMenuItem = wx.MenuItem(drawingMenu, 10.5 The Classes 111 PyDraw_Constants.CIRCLE_ID, text="Circle", kind=wx.ITEM_NORMAL) drawingMenu.Append(circleMenuItem) textMenuItem = wx.MenuItem(drawingMenu, PyDraw_Constants.TEXT_ID, text="Text", kind=wx.ITEM_NORMAL) drawingMenu.Append(textMenuItem) self.Append(drawingMenu, '&Drawing') 10.5.4 The PyDrawToolBar Class The DrawToolBar class is a subclass of wx.ToolBar.
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