Medical Microbiology I (MLS 418) ABDULHADI SALE KUMURYA 1 COURSE OUTLINE Principles of bacterial taxonomy. Mutation 11.4 Mutations and Mutants - definitions 11.5 Molecular Basis of Mutation 11.6 Mutation Rates 11.7 Mutagenesis 11.8 Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis: The Ames Test, 11.4 Mutations and Mutants - definitions Mutation Heritable change in DNA sequence that can lead to a change in phenotype (observable properties of an organism) Mutant A strain of any cell or virus differing from parental strain in genotype (nucleotide sequence of genome) Wild-type strain Typically refers to strain isolated from nature Animation: The Molecular Basis of Mutations, 11.4 Mutations and Mutants definitions (contd) Selectable mutations Those that give the mutant a growth advantage under certain environmental conditions Useful in genetic research Nonselectable mutations Those that usually have neither an advantage nor a disadvantage over the parent Detection of such mutations requires examining a large number of colonies and looking for differences (screening), Selectable mutants: Antibiotic resistance colonies can be detected around a zone of clearance created by the inhibition of a sensitive bacterium Nonselectable mutants: Aspergilus nidulans produces different interchangeable spontaneously. Tap here to review the details. Click here to review the details. Get powerful tools for managing your contents. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Biochemical and TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hymenoptera Family: Apidae Genus: Apis Species: mellifera Linn Ross . bacteria use three different mechanism to adapt to changing. PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY - PowerPoint PPT Presentation. Prokaryotes. It was found impossible to complete this task and to prepare a list of approved genera for the 1918 meeting of the Society, but the task set before the committee has been at last completed and the committee is ready to make its final report. Bacterial Genetics - . Bacteriological nomenclature is full of absurdities, and the principles of priority and the retroactive application of new rules are criticized, especially when they are applied to the names of well-established taxa. chromosomes are cellular, Bacterial Genetics - . Both classification and identification depend on characterization of the bacterium, but each makes different use of the individual feature. Principles of Bacterial Genetics. 3 - At the highest level . III. Bacterial Genetics - . 1. heredity variation genotype variation phenotype variation. Principles of taxonomy is an interesting tool, need to understand concept and meaning between Taxonomy, Systematic and International code of nomenclature. There are 4 mechanisms by which pyrimidine dimers can be repaired Refer to htp://trishul.ict.griffith.edu.au/courses/ss12bi/repair.html Note: Some of the these mechanisms are also used for repairing mutations caused by other mutagenic agents. PowerShow.com is brought to you byCrystalGraphics, the award-winning developer and market-leading publisher of rich-media enhancement products for presentations. In his taxonomic hierarchy each organism is assigned a species name, and species of very similar organisms are grouped into agenus and so on. two general mechanisms of genetic change in bacteria: mutation - alteration in existing, Bacterial genetics - . Genus name - written first and always capitalized 2. Bacterial Genetics - . The chemical structure of the outer membrane's lipopolysaccharides is often unique to specific bacterial sub-species and is responsible for many of the antigenic xZKH7"VRI;Ak0 04dncKKNfddW$Ko_F/7P6SqF p::NX/_?\-|G-HAIJ8q#Ok+0B2w8c`RiR:_]|*e2qk!FF4 N~$H'&2kpYvQ1Tnnz0XV A two name system for writing scientific names 1. This chapter discusses the state of the art in bacterial taxonomy. Bridging the Gap Between Data Science & Engineer: Building High-Performance T How to Master Difficult Conversations at Work Leaders Guide, Be A Great Product Leader (Amplify, Oct 2019), Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell). structure and function of the genetic material. This summary is a study guide only and it is therefore recommended that students attend and take notes during the lectures. overview. the rate at which bacteria grow and divide depends in large on the, 11.1 Genetic Map of the Escherichia coli Chromosome, Circular Linkage Map of the Chromosome of E. coli K-12. Well convert it to an HTML5 slideshow that includes all the media types youve already added: audio, video, music, pictures, animations and transition effects. gram-positive bacteria transform dna using a transformasome complex. Our product offerings include millions of PowerPoint templates, diagrams, animated 3D characters and more. The taxonomy suggested by this study is compared with that in current use and temporary working type strains of most of the species are suggested for use in surveys of this kind. Create stunning presentation online in just 3 steps. Comparing the Codes: Zoological and Botantical Nomenclature, Introduction to zoological nomenclature and the ICZN, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature articles 1-9, History of international code of botanical nomenclature 1, 1.unit lesson 1- Introduction to plant taxonomy, Iczn(The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ), College of Fisheries, KVAFSU, Mangalore, Karnataka, Types of coral reefs and its distribution, Stunted seed production & culture practices, Plants and animals associates of living reef corals, Detail accounts of different comme rci al carp egg hatching devices (2), Conservation and management of coral reefs, Irresistible content for immovable prospects, How To Build Amazing Products Through Customer Feedback. There is extra content that has been sourced from other resources, CONTENT The lecture content is divided into 3 parts: I. Bacterial Chromosomes & Plasmids Physical location of the genes II. Progress in the field of the diversity of the genus Acinetobacter has been made by the use of molecular methods including DNA-based methods, and it is of note that different methods may provide different groupings. (immunology ) institute of. Introduction to Taxonomy, Components and Major Plant Taxonomist, Historical resume of systematics by VISHAL BHOJYAWAL, Segers Introduction To Scientific Nomenclature, Hooker taxonomy&nomenclature seminarsection1. Genetic Transfer Gene transfer & exchange mechanisms Conjugation Transduction Transformation Gene exchange mechanisms. 3 0 obj There are rules of nomenclature but none for classification or identification. Genome size is indicated in the centre. %PDF-1.5 Taxonomy is divisible into three parts: (1) classification, (2) nomenclature, (3) identification. Hydlysates of cell-wall preparations of more than 60 strains of corynebacteria, lactobacilli, streptococci, staphylococci and other Gram-positive cocci have been examined by paper chromatography, finding variations in the relative proportions of the sugars appear to differentiate the individual species within a genus. The PowerPoint PPT presentation: "PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY" is the property of its rightful owner. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. This bacterial taxonomy refers to the three disciplines that are Classification Nomenclature Identification Classification: Organic salt fermentation tests have been found particularly useful in the cases of the bacterial groups dealt with in this paper, but they cannot be substituted for the sugar reactions in general use. Selectable and Nonselectable Mutations Figure 11.4, 11.4 Mutations and Mutants Screening is always more tedious than selection Methods available to facilitate screening E.g., replica plating Replica plating is useful for identification of cells with a nutritional requirement for growth (auxotroph) Animation: Replica Plating, Screening for Nutritional Auxotrophs Figure 11.5, 11.5 Molecular Basis (Types ) of Mutation Induced mutations Those made deliberately Spontaneous mutations Those that occur without human intervention Can result from exposure to natural radiation or oxygen radicals Point mutations Mutations that change only one base pair Can lead to single amino acid change in a protein or no change at all, Possible Effects of Base-Pair Substitution Figure 11.6, 11.5 Molecular Basis (consequences) of Mutation Silent mutation Does not affect amino acid sequence Missense mutation Amino acid changed; polypeptide altered Nonsense mutation Codon becomes stop codon; polypeptide is incomplete, 11.5 Molecular Basis of Mutation Deletions and insertions cause more dramatic changes in DNA Frameshift mutations Deletions or insertions that result in a shift in the reading frame Often result in complete loss of gene function, Shifts in the Reading Frame of mRNA Figure 11.7, 11.5 Molecular Basis of Mutation Genetic engineering allows for the introduction of specific mutations (site-directed mutagenesis), 11.5 Molecular Basis of Mutation Point mutations are typically reversible Reversion Alteration in DNA that reverses the effects of a prior mutation, 11.5 Molecular Basis of Mutation Revertant Strain in which original phenotype that was changed in the mutant is restored Two types Same-site revertant: mutation restoration activity is at the same site as original mutation Second-site revertant: mutation is at a different site in the DNA suppressor mutation that compensates for the effect of the original mutation, 11.6 Mutation Rates For most microorganisms, errors in DNA replication occur at a frequency of 10-6to10-7 per kilobase DNA viruses have error rates 100 1,000 X greater The mutation rate in RNA genomes is 1,000-fold higher than in DNA genomes Some RNA polymerases have proofreading capabilities Comparable RNA repair mechanisms do not exist, 11.7 Mutagenesis Mutagens: chemical, physical, or biological agents that increase mutation rates Several classes of chemical mutagens exist Nucleotide base analogs: resemble nucleotides Chemical mutagens can induce chemical modifications I.e., alkylating agents like nitrosoguanidine Acridines: intercalating agents; typically cause frameshift mutations Animation: Mutagens, Chemical and Physical Mutagens and their Modes of Action, 11.7 Mutagenesis Several forms of radiation are highly mutagenic Two main categories of mutagenic electromagnetic radiation Non-ionizing (i.e., UV radiation) Purines and pyrimidines strongly absorb UV Pyrimidine dimers is one effect of UV radiation Ionizing (i.e., X-rays, cosmic rays, and gamma rays) Ionize water and produce free radicals Free radicals damage macromolecules in the cell, 11.7 Mutagenesis Perfect fidelity in organisms is counterproductive because it prevents evolution The mutation rate of an organism is subject to change Mutants can be isolated that are hyperaccurate or have increased mutation rates Deinococcus radiodurans is 20200 times more resistant to radiation than E. coli, 11.8 Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis: The Ames Test The Ames test makes practical use of bacterial mutations to detect for potentially hazardous chemicals Looks for an increase in the rate of back mutation (reversion) of auxotrophic strains in the presence of suspected mutagen A wide variety of chemicals have been screened for determining carcinogenicity, The Ames Test to Assess the Mutagenicity of a Chemical Disc, with added mutagen Disc, no added mutagen Auxotrophs with single point mutations will not grow in if the required nutrient (eg an amino acid) is not included in the medium. This article is a series of tables giving those reactions which are of value in the classification of organisms causing disease in man and animals; in addition the reactions of many non-pathogenic organisms, which may be confused with the pathogenic, are also listed. In bacterial taxonomy, a bacterium is placed within a small but homogenous group in a rank or level. Bacterial structure and taxonomy ppt . It is proposed to designate the species of the orthodox classification as subgenera and to define the species according to the modern classification as groups of related serofermentative phage types. How the Absence of a Taxonomy Impacts Organizations and Market Intelligence System - Taxonomy has the onus of making market and competitive intelligence accurate. (microbiology) (umst) m.sc. stud. Rhodocyclus Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis Burkholderia cepacia (degrade 100 organic B.mallai and B. pseudomallai (bioterrorism) molecules) Purple Non sulfur bacteria Neisseriales Burkhoderiales Nitrosomonadales Hydrogenophilales. Classification and identification of an organism should be based upon its overall morphological and biochemical pattern. binary fission asexual reproduction high reproductive rates/short, Bacterial Genetics - . Jitendra Kumar College of Fisheries Mangalore 2. Note: Most of the techniques described here were used between 1950-80, but advances in the past three decades in cloning and sequencing has revolutionised studies on genomes & gene organisation: Developments in molecular biology: Manual sequencing & Automated 1st generation sequencers 1970 2008: $1-2 million per microbial genome 2nd generation sequencers (current) Since 2009: $5,000 per microbial genome 3rd generation sequencers early next year, semi-conductor real-time technology $1,000 per human genome Genomes OnLine Database (GOLD)- http://genomesonline.org lists all genome sequencing projects. - PowerPoint PPT presentation proteobacteria. % identification is very different from classification, which is even more problematic there are several methods for identifying plants many books rely on matching a description or illustration with the plant you have in hand most people first go to books with color photos, but actually good line drawings can show more detail books with <> College of Fisheries Mangalore. genome: genetic blueprint gene: most organisms-dna viruses dna or rna. Abasia!-astasia) (hysterical) . 1. In classification equal weight is given to each independent. Professor Bharat Patel. The taxonomy is the combination of two words that is taxis means arrangement and nomos means to distribute or govern. fHow to Classify? Bacterial Taxomony How bacteria are named, classified, and identified Bacterial Taxonomy Nomenclature - assignment of names by international rules. A beam of laser light of a single frequency is directed onto the stream. 2. 2026 Views Download Presentation. A neutral genome-similarity based framework is described that could allow alternative classification schemes to be explored, compared, and translated into each other without having to choose only one as the gold standard. View 3 excerpts, references background and methods. taxonomic ranks species, genus, family, order, class, phylum or division, and kingdom. pneumococcal reversion mutations regulation of gene expression gene exchange genetic engineering. TAXONOMY. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. 2. BACTERIAL GENETICS - . People wanted to organize their world so they began grouping, or classifying everything they saw. M1Ictl'?L2p#aLO'!-eqj'>mE+P4_ Z!shtaK;gz- Z*Z(&;Gq5CcAy]zDFo:D*+=gPJ>mxwkD=T&%MbR) C[&Zz/TeX?tJliG{*'LK+&(9. Description Principles of Bacterial Pathogenesis presents a molecular perspective on a select group of bacterial pathogens by having the leaders of the field present their perspective in a clear and authoritative manner. Taxonomy The term 'taxonomy' is derived from the Greek word 'taxis' - arrangement and 'nomos' - law. stream Bacterial genetics - . Bacterial Structure And Taxonomy Viruses Cellular organisms * The inner core of genetic * cell posses anucleus or Material is either DNA In the case of bacteria Or RNA, but they have no anucleiod with DNA. bacteria and as little as 5-10% of the cell wall in gram-negative bacteria Gramnegative bacteria stained red and are more resistant to antibiotics. In modern classification the species are defined as groups of related serofermentative phage-types and are the fundamental units, while in orthodox classification, which is beginning with, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Each chapter contains a comprehensive review devoted to a single pathogen. The following Bacteriological Code of Nomenclature was developed by the Judicial Commission, approved and recommended by the Nomenclature Committee and adopted unanimously at the concluding Plenary, ABSTRACT View L1 Taxonomy.ppt from BIO 318 at University of Maiduguri. bacterial. Chapter 11. You can read the details below. review. Linnaeus is often known as "The Father of Taxonomy" Binomial Nomenclature What is it? E.g. Genomes of pathogenic E. coli contain PAIs. staphylococcus aureus common gram + bacterium, Bacterial Genetics - . endobj The outer ring shows gene by gene comparison with all 3 strains: common genes (green),genes in pathogens only (red),genes only in 536 (blue) Fig13.13, Pan Genome Versus Core Genome Figure 13.14 Core genome is in black & is present in all strains of the same species. no mitosis in prokaryotes. Av#=q:4,p]4M"lu%z8 . Description:. chapter 8. the problem of antibiotic resistance. Mutation Alterations in the genetic material Chemical, Physical III. 4 0 obj PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY. Structure and Principles of Classification - Classification is a method of grouping of items scientifically . Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Thirteenth Edition Madigan / Martinko Stahl / Clark. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Whatever your area of interest, here youll be able to find and view presentations youll love and possibly download. Domain Archaea [ancient bacteria] Domain Eubacteria [true bacteria] make up the old Kingdom Monera Prokaryotes Most abundant group Widely distributed Oldest organisms. Taxonomy or Systematic, two terms that more or less synonymously used. The cells are forced out of a small nozzle in a liquid jet stream. the largest and most obvious division of living organisms is into prokaryotes, Bacterial Genetics - Mutation and recombination. prokaryote basics. Some bacteria use H2, NH3, CH4, volatile fatty acidsORDER. This. You might even have a presentation youd like to share with others. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) developed the first system of classification based on an organism's physical and structural . Edwards and Ewing, in their monumental studies on Enterobacteriaceae, pioneered in establishing the following principles for characterizing, classifying, and identifying organisms: 1. in the currently accepted classification of life, there are three domains ( eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea ), [2] which, in terms of taxonomy, despite following the same principles have several different conventions between them and between their subdivisions as they are studied by different disciplines (botany, zoology, mycology and
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