Recent examples are multi-label learning based on SVM (Chang et al., 2017), based on deep learning (Mai et al., 2018), and based on ensemble classification (Bykakir et al., 2018). Many library classification systems use a combination of a fixed, enumerative taxonomy of . Excellence in Research for Australia, which is an Australian research evaluation program, developed the original subject classification scheme: Fields of Research. The dispersal type refers to the graph of Comprehensive Fields (l2-01) and New Multidisciplinary Fields (l2-02). Apart from the quantitative analysis mentioned previously, we set the threshold in the contingency table to ignore the relations between the 251 WoS subject categories and the 67 disciplines of the KAKENHI subject categories. ACM Comput. This order prescribes the FAA Standard Subject Classification System used in classifying correspondence, directives, files, forms, and reports by subject and code number. Japanese users are eager to utilize the subject classification scheme of Japan's largest national research grants KAKENHI to analyze their IR outputs on the system. The Essential Science Indicator (ESI) is one of the specifically developed subject classifications for research evaluation based on the WoS citation database. In the above introductory section, we mentioned an issue around subject classifications from the viewpoint of library and information science and scientometrics. In this study, we select the research projects in 2009 whose KAKENHI subject classification scheme consists of a hierarchical structure: four categories, 10 areas, 67 disciplines, and 284 research fields. We assume that a subject classification scheme has been originally adopted for a bibliographic database such as the WoS citation database. RF: Otorhinolaryngology The research project database KAKEN represents the archival records of research projects and the outputs of KAKENHI grants in Japan. doi: 10.1145/331499.331504. Automatic indexing: an experimental inquiry. Wang P., Yang Z., Niu S., Zhang Y., Zhang L., Niu S. (2018). TH: Building Construction HV: Social and Public Welfare, Criminology Figure 12. The number of WoS subject categories to get the maximum pseudo F1-measures were 1, 1, and 3, respectively. JF: Constitutional History and Administration A comparative study is needed to qualify our method. This attribute indicates if the associated harmonized system (HS) code is subject to a quota. For example, in 2019, the WoS citation database in InCites, which is a research output evaluation tool, comprised 58,395,008 article records of 24,688 journals. Therefore, we define a map f from the subject classification scheme C to the powerset (S). Thus, for a citation, the frequency counts in the contingency table are increased by the number of WoS categories or ESI categories, and it looks like many articles were published under the corresponding KAKENHI category. These schedules have been authorised through the protocols required under the Information Act 2002 and NT Records Management Standards.(4). A very easy and generic example for students: If you see a . We use the following steps to induce a correspondence between the WoS and KAKENHI subject categories. Considering that S(2) is a finite cover, it induces a compact topological space. Thema is a relatively new global subject classification system for books, which has already gathered wide international participation and adoption. PQ 1-PQ3999: French RJ: Pediatrics QH: Biology, Natural History Alternatively, multilabel learning is another possible method to aim at our goal. The second-level subject categories include Comprehensive Fields (l2-01), New Multidisciplinary Fields (l2-02), Humanities (l2-03), Social Sciences (l2-04), Mathematical and Physical Sciences (l2-05), Chemistry (l2-06), Engineering (l2-07), Biology (l2-08), Agricultural Sciences (l2-09), and Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy (l2-10). Tagami, Y. For example, the method of automatically converting from existing classifications of documents into another scheme used in a quality-controlled database is occasionally used in co-operative cataloging projects and union catalogs, sometimes even in individual OPACs as soon as cataloging records using a different classification scheme are imported or exchanged (Koch et al., 1997). RG: Gynecology and Obstetrics The results indicate that most of the users periodically utilize the tool in their work and have sufficient expertise on the KAKENHI subject classification scheme (Figure 11). Furthermore, assigning subject categories to journal titles implies subsequently assigning them to the documents. The subject classification offers the following advantages. By analyzing the theory of our approach, that is, inducing a correspondence between the two subject classification schemes, we recognized its inherent limitation. Hence, we propose an approach to apply a new subject classification scheme for a subject-classified database using a data-driven correspondence between the new and present ones. In a well designed business classification scheme, individual classifications should be aligned to specific record disposal classes within an . A total of 324 relations are available in between the 10 areas of the KAKENHI subject classification scheme and the WoS subject categories, and 409 relations are present in between the 67 disciplines of the KAKENHI subject classification scheme and the WoS subject categories. In digital libraries, the mappings between different classification schemes have been considered for a long period. A popular law in the linguistic field, that is, Zipf's law, states that the frequency of words follows a distribution where the word rank n has a frequency proportional to 1/n. This model is a mathematical formula and a psychological aspect of subject categories embedded in the database. Moreover, when the recall rate for Oi(1) exceeds 0.5, we discontinued adding any relation. The techniques used by the tool in providing the analysis function, its quantitative statistics, and user feedbacks of the function are discussed in the following sections. In our approach, the actors are data scientists who analyze a database wherein an entity is categorized into two subject classification schemes and then induce the correspondence between them through an analysis. Xie, C., Chen, L., Liang, J., Zhang, K., Xiao, Y., Tong, H., et al. We demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach to a practical bibliographic database. 3 0 obj InCites provides an analytical workbench on the WoS citation database. The former requires the labeled data indicating the right answer to a given decision problem so as to derive classifiers. Finally, we induced a correspondence between the 10 areas and 67 disciplines of the KAKENHI subject classification scheme and the 251 WoS subject categories, which are released in public1. The reason for this is finite size effects (e.g., insufficient data for good statistics), network dilution, network growth constraints, and different underlying dynamical regimes. 26A21: Classification of real functions; Baire classification of sets and functions; 26A24: Differentiation (functions of one variable): general theory, generalized derivatives, mean-value theorems . In a 10-fold cross validation of 800 samples, the accuracy of the linkage was 0.9501. If the data size is sufficiently large, then we could predict the correspondence by using the data only. Conventionally, we can use an approach to directly assign subject categories for the database records. Geriatrics. Finally, InCites provides a function of analysis by using the KAKENHI subject classification scheme. Multi-label classification classifies target data under 2|L| classification space where L is a set of labels. For example, the UK government defines Units of Assessment as subject classifications for the Research Assessment Exercise and the Research Excellence Framework. The Dewey Decimal Classification is an old library classification invented in 1876 and is popular for classifying books in the shelves of university libraries. Its cardinalities greater than zero, if sorted in rank order, obey the discrete version of the generalized beta distribution given that the subject categories are finite. In our case, it is the research project database KAKEN that includes the structural relationship between the WoS and KAKENHI subject categories. Alphabetically by keyword: provides users with an alphabetical listing of bioethics topics and their numerical equivalents . The number of WoS subject categories to get the maximum pseudo F1-measures ranged from 1 to 24 whose average is 6.1, which is rather small when compared with the maximum number 251. We applied the approach to a practical example, that is, InCites. Subject Classification Scheme Used in Volume 12 - Volume 12 Issue 4. Watch out physicists: There's a new taxonomy in town. The journal titles include a set of documents. In real cases, there exists a more complex subject classification scheme. Unlike the original WoS subject categories, this statistical result provides a different impression that life sciences are the strongest among the others. However, the research projects and article outputs do have both similarities and differences on the subject. ACM Classification Codes. TJ: Mechanical Engineering and Machinery Manning, 214, Bibliographical Essay on the History of Scholarly Libraries in the United States, 1800 to the Present by Harry Bach, The Importance of Libraries Beyond Their Texts, The Teaching of Cataloging and Classification at the University of Illinois Library School, Libraries As History: the Importance of Libraries Beyond Their Texts, The Basis of Tribal Library Development in the United States, A Survey of School Library History from the Eighth to the Twentieth Century, The Essence of Librarianship, the Meaning of Informtion, and the **************:"%::******************A. Using deep learning for title-based semantic subject indexing to reach competitive performance to full-text, in Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IEEE on Joint Conference on Digital Libraries - JCDL '18 (New York, NY: ACM Press), 169178. QM: Human Anatomy InCites provides an analytical workbench on the WoS citation database. 1Scholarly and Academic Information Division, Cyber Science Infrastructure Development Department, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan, 2Information and Society Research Division, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan, 3Clarivate Analytics (Japan), Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Figure 8. (2017). Top 30 subject distribution of Japanese authors' articles with the 67 disciplines level of the KAKENHI subject classification scheme. Academic resources, such as research articles, journals, conference proceedings, books, field samples, software, and various electronic materials, are organized by subject classifications in the general or domain-specific approach. We define the map f1 by which C(1) is mapped to a finite cover S(1)={Oi(1)|iI(1)} of S, implying a compact topological space (S,S~(1)). Nevertheless, users of InCites accepted the subject classification results. The classification is jointly published by the two organizations under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA license. In this case, the sets of parameters a and b that affect the figures of the distribution vary. The authors declare that this study received funding from Clarivate Analytics, Co., Ltd. We observed a good fit of the discrete generalized beta distribution to the rank-ordering distribution in the contingency table. Poetry. A file classification scheme (also known as a file plan) is a tool that allows for classifying, titling, accessing and retrieving records. (2018). Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's law. NK: DecorativeArts In future work, several aspects are necessary to improve the quality of the database and embed subject classification schemes by using effective and efficient automatic procedures. RV: Botanic, Thomasonian, and Eclectic Medicine The relationship is the correspondence between them, which is induced by data. Let ~ be a subset of (S) comprising {B|B 0}, where the element is if = . For a complex classification scheme such as a hierarchical classification scheme, our approach should be extended to be applied to its character. Moreover, users stated that they needed the same subject categories for other services and wanted them updated. Library classification schedules provide a means for library materials to be organized in subject order. If the frequency is zero, then the WoS subject category is omitted in the distribution. 3. E 401-415: War with Mexico Hence, manual handling was necessary for several subject categories. E 351-364: War of 1812 A world-leading research output evaluation tool, that is, InCites, which is produced by Clarivate Analytics, Co., Ltd., provides bibliometric analysis functions, wherein bibliometrics can be analyzed using domestic, WoS, and ESI subject classification schemes. Here, let the image of the map be reduced to ((S)) to become a surjection. For example, Informatics (l3-01), Brain Sciences (l3-02), Laboratory Animal Science (l3-03), Human Informatics (l3-04), Health/Sports Science (l3-05), Human Life Science (l3-06), Science Education/Educational Technology (l3-07), Sociology/History of Science and Technology (l3-08), Cultural Assets Study (l3-09), Geography (l3-10) are under the same area Comprehensive Fields (l2-01). SK: Hunting Sports, T: Technology ************, The University of Southern Mississippi School of Library and Information Science, The Cultural Legacy of the 'Modern Library', Who Does the Mobile Library Reach? The order of the disciplines in the list is the same as that of the KAKENHI subject classification scheme. The latter does not need such the labeled data and extracts intrinsically the classification pattern from data and classify them. In production, the WoS subject categories are primarily and exceptionally assigned to journal titles and documents in multidisciplinary journals. We propose an approach to apply a novel subject classification scheme for a subject-classified database using a data-driven correspondence between the new and present ones, which is accustomed to digital libraries. The total number of articles by the Japanese authors is 3,192,449 of the overall 58,395,008 articles published from 1980 to 2018. However, the WoS subject classification scheme generates an impression that Electrical/Electronic Engineering and Physics are the strongest among the others. The schedules of a faceted scheme can be quite short, because there is no attempt to list every topic. Finally, we use the F-measure to determine which element has a correspondence relation. In our approach, the actors are data scientists who analyze a database wherein an entity is categorized into two subject classification schemes and then induce the correspondence between them through an analysis. The Dewey Decimal Classification system is used for the Curriculum and Juvenile Collections. DT: Africa RZ: Other Systems of Medicine, S: Agriculture (general) A subset O depends on the corresponding subject category c. where S=iI(2)Ci(1), to be a finite cover. The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Therefore, we define a map f from the subject classification scheme C to the powerset (S). Big Data 2:48. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2019.00048. We use the following steps to induce a correspondence between the WoS and KAKENHI subject categories. The first letters classify material by broad subjects putting books on similar topics together. BM: Judaism 1. CHAPTER 4: CLASSIFICATIONS SCHEME CLASSIFICATION SCHEME Classification is used by librarian to sort . Manning C. D., Raghavan P., Schtze H. (2008). The English articles in the KAKEN database are listed in a citation format, and it is not yet clear to which WoS categories they are assigned. The latest revision of the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) is complete. BS: The Bible, CB History of Civilization This type of classification scheme is properly called analytico-synthetic, the name reflecting the two major operations involved in its use - analysis of subject and synthesis of notational elements to fully express that subject. Further each of these subdivisions has been divided into ten sections. Our main contributions of the work are as follows: In the following sections, firstly we look around the related work to state our approach in section Related Work, then describe our approach in the section Data-Driven Approach to Applying a Novel Subject Classification Scheme, and successively demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach in a case study in section Case Study. SF: Animal Culture It replaces the 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. We define a map h2:T (S) to ensure that a research project produces a set of research articles. Then, we assumed that a bibliographic database representing a set of articles for scientific research is available. Other popular library classifications, such as the Universal Decimal Classification, the Library of Congress Classification, and the Colon Classification, were also invented a 100 years ago. A total of 26 institutional users answered the questionnaire. Information, Library of Congress Subject Classification. Here, the top three subject categories which have greater maximum F1-measure were Mathematics (l3-33), Literature (l3-21), and Economics (l3-28), whose pseudo average precision, recall, and maximum F1-measure were (0.734, 0.792, 0.762), (0.700, 0.683, 0.691), and (0.692, 0.622, 0.655), respectively.
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