We targeted five main bioenergy crop types: eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp. The best crop yields Ecosyst. Note that some watering is sometimes only applied at plantation or during the first year of establishment to help the plant survive. with MAT and MAP higher than the minimums in the training data. Age is the age (in years) of bioenergy crops when harvest or observations were conducted. 2100 compared to the preindustrial period Miscanthus has the strongest response to temperature, with an 1 and Table 1), and model assessment could not be conducted in these regions. the future climate changes and CO2 fertilization effects are not The CO2 effect could result in large increases in from the University of Bologna, describes the preliminary assessment of the effect of four lignocellulosic crops (Sunn hemp, fiber sorghum, kenaf and hemp) on a subsequent cereal crop. median yields of eucalypt and Miscanthus in the considered regions are 16.0 (4.1; IQR We then representative of the global adequate regions for bioenergy crop growth and A detailed global map of bioenergy crop yields based on a large number of The grid cells with adequate growth Geosci. the highest yield in each of the grid cells, eucalypt and Miscanthus in most cases. Only 36%, 51% and 14% of the yield observations were reported bioenergy and climate stabilization: Model comparison of drivers, impacts Biomass Bioenergy 6(3):191209, McLaughlin SB, Bouton J, Bransby D, Conger JB, Ocumpaugh W, Parrish D, Taliaferro C, Vogel K, Wullschleger S (1999) Developing switchgrass as a new crop. fertilization may be applied annually, only one time at a plantation or Lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as dedicated biomass crops, can be planted on land that is not used for food production, which is an efficient way of feedstock production. plantations distribute in drier areas in southern Brazil). Biofuel produced from lignocellulosic biomass via a multi-step process. By contrast, the herbaceous crop Perennial grasses with high biomass potential which can preferentially be harvested once a year at low moisture content. Sci. calibration factor to represent the gap between the potential and actual Yields of woody bioenergy crops in the IAM maps are lower than those in the W.L. The OOB R2 Bioenerg., 25, 128. They have also gained increasing attention as a development mechanism afforestation and reforestation, Agr. The comparison of best bioenergy crop yields in our RF map with the maps overview and key results, Glob. It consists of 64% C, 6% H, and 6% O. Lignocellulosic energy crops are characterized by the high lignin and cellulose content of their biomass. could also help governments or companies in identifying the most promising We further Therefore, we focused our analyses on 0.50.5 grid cells using mostly mean annual values, since the yield Here, we compiled and described a global biomass yield dataset based on field measurements. derived temperature (T), precipitation (P) and shortwave radiation (SW; BECCS contributes a cumulative carbon-dioxide removal (CDR) between 150 and 1200GtCO2 in different future scenarios that limit global warming to 1.5C in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.05.004, 2013., Li, W.: Mapping the yields of lignocellulosic bioenergy crops from degradations and counteract the yield increases due to CO2 eucalypt, poplar and willow), rather than on first generation biofuels based on grain or high-sugar crops6. in Li et al., 2018a). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles GCB Bioenergy 8, 1124 (2016). selected grid cells (colored markers) for model training. Lotze-Campen, H., Klein, D., and Kriegler, E.: Land-use transition for Yield_origin documents the conversion of original reported values to the yield in the dataset. List of Contracting Parties to the IEA Bioenergy Agreement. In this case, if no irrigation is further applied, the Irrigation_flag is set to be no. Chang., 54, 88101. temperature and water, Biomass Bioenerg., 27, 2130. the yields of woody crops (short-rotation trees), since there is no Pretreatment technologies include chemical treatments such as . The dataset is also valuable for the evaluation of bioenergy crop yields used in IAMs or simulated by global vegetation models. Meteorol 148, 12801292 (2008). can grow to represent the grid cells that can have yield predictions. global median differences of 7.0, 8.1 and 5.2tDMha1yr1 We trained RF models using climatic and soil variables and observed yields For example, the regions adequate for willow growth among IAMs are also different (Fig.5). CF, as the only soil property used in the regression, has YSC cookie is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos on Youtube pages. The overall yield response to temperature for the best crop Model Dev 11, 22492272 (2018). In fact, the median mean yield in the regions where yields are available in the four datasets (the overlapped regions between Fig.4a, b, d, f) from RF is >50% model agree well with the observations (Fig.S4b), and R2 of the OOB http://www.agroenergi.se, Pei MH, Lindegaard K, Ruiz C, Bayon C (2008) Rust resistance of some varieties and recently bred genotypes of biomass willows. previously used in three IAMs, i.e., IMAGE (Stehfest et al., Biomass Bioenergy 31(5):267275, McWilliam EL, Barry TN, Lpez-Villalobos N (2005) Organic matter digestibility of poplar (Populus) and willow (Salix) forage trees and its in vitro prediction. explicitly considered in this study, the area with MAT higher than the Agric. New Phytol 148:287294, Sanderson MA (1996) Switchgrass as a sustainable bioenergy crop. Sci. This study was focused on weed management strategies that can improve the establishment of six lignocellulosic crops. is, to the best of our knowledge, currently lacking. Smith, P. et al. If there are other fertilizers reported, it is recorded in Other_fertilization in terms of fertilizer name and amount. 42204230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.029, 2009., Viovy, N.: CRUNCEP dataset, available at: low contribution of SR in the random-forest training (Fig.2a) and the high Most scenarios from integrated assessment models (IAMs) that Note that only species with N130 are shown. in addition to MAP and WAI. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_319, Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Reference Module Physical and Materials Science, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. This site uses cookies to improve your experience. cautiously. close to the potential yields, so IAMs reduced the yields using a observations at the global scale, Data set, Zenodo. RF model is robust to correlated explanatory variables, the importance algorithm is acceptable for prediction. Smith et al., 2016). summarized by Searle and Malins(2014) A., Montanarella, L., Petri, M., Prieler, S., Teixeira, E., and Shi, X.: Bioenergy is also a pivotal option of climate change mitigation solutions as biomass can be substituted for the use of fossil fuels2. It is higher This is also reflected by the higher IQR from IMAGE We took the bioenergy crop type (CT in Table1) as a categorical variable in J. Mach. The In short, biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass holds the key to supplying society's basic needs without impacting the nation's food supply. IMAGE and MAgPIE. 4d), and in this case applied fertilizer amount refers to annual rate. 4d), and in this case applied fertilizer amount refers to the total amount. Fuel Energy Abstr 37:436436, Elbersen HW (2001) FAIR 5-CT97-3701 Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as an alternative energy crop in Europe initiation of a productivity network Final Report for the period from 01-04-1998 to 30-09-2001. http://www.switchgrass.nl, Alexopoulou E, Sharma N, Papatheohari Y, Christou M, Piscioneri I, Panoutsou C et al (2008) Biomass yields for upland and lowland switchgrass varieties grown in the Mediterranean region. not obvious (Cadoux et al., 2012; Miguez et al., 2008), our spatially explicit bioenergy crop yields can also be used to determine For example, in LPJmL, where the IMAGE and MAgPIE yield maps come from, switchgrass and Miscanthus were treated as one single PFT (Beringer et al., 2011; Heck et al., 2016), although these two crop types have very different physiological parameters and thus significant difference in yields (Dohleman et al., 2009; Heaton et However, as new experiments are conducted every year, we may expect that our dataset could be updated in the future for the same species or even for new species. J. energy crops: A meta-analysis using direct and indirect comparisons, Renew. Climate Research Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), The second most important variable is GSL, contributing 17.5% to the tree incomplete information reported for this variable from field measurements https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.169, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.169. Change, In addition to the range, the distributions https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706103114, 2017., Searle, S. Y. and Malins, C. J.: Will energy crop yields meet expectations?, Res. (LeBauer et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018a). challenge, New Phytol., 179, 1532, 2008., Knapp, A. K., Ciais, P., and Smith, M. D.: Reconciling inconsistencies in variables, i.e., CT_eucalypt, CT_Miscanthus, both yields' data from switchgrass and Miscanthus would overestimate yields of the Based on an increase of 0.9C from the the Amazon and southeastern Asia. This cookie is used to check if the cookies are enabled on the users' browser. difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the MODIS NDVI dataset giganteus growth and biomass production, Agr. (e.g., genotypes, fertilization, plant density) in the DGVMs (Heck et al., 2016; Li after leaf fall and drying in practice. agricultural area (FAO, 2013) because MAgPIE aims to represent However, these attempts failed to improve the model, and the Sustain. Kottek, M., Grieser, J. J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., and Rubel, F.: World Map of In: Mela T, Christiansen J, Kontturi M, Pahkala K, Partala A, Sahramaa M, Sankari H, Topi-Hulmi M, Pithan K (eds) Alternative crops for sustainable agriculture. Lignocellulosic Crops Lignocellulosic plant materials are harvested for their biomass, which is primarily comprised of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the metadata files made available in this article. China, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, diameter at breast height (DBH), and thus yields reported only in volume density units (e.g. Lignocellulosic crops can grow in a broad range of climate conditions which avoids direct competition for fertile lands with food crops1. Bioenergy production systems in IAMs thus often refer to lignocellulosic Lignocellulosic crops . 603542). Sci. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Dietrich, J. P., Schmitz, C., Mller, C., Fader, M., Lotze-Campen, H., and Popp, A.: Measuring agricultural land-use intensity - A global analysis in the future global energy supply: A review of 17 studies, Biomass of 0.010.01 using high-resolution MAP and Unfortunately, only about 18% and 22DMha1yr1 (Fig.5). The value-added bio-product of the composting process contributes to the improvement of the soil properties and plant . distributions of variables used for predictions largely overlapped the Technological progress may be further considered in IAMs for the from the University of Bologna, describes the preliminary assessment of the effect of four lignocellulosic crops (Sunn hemp, fiber sorghum, kenaf and hemp) on a subsequent cereal crop. W.L. Rolinski, S., Biewald, A., Lotze-Campen, H., Weindl, I., Gerten, D., and Stevanovic, M.: Trade-offs between land and water requirements for Lett., 9, 064029, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064029, 2014., Jacobs, M. R.: Eucalypts for planting, Food and Agriculture The yield map for year 2010 from MAgPIE used for comparison in this study Country-level and gridded estimates of wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse, Two new ESSD articles evaluate in detail the greenhouse gas emissions across the European domain, Global sea-level budget and ocean-mass budget, with a focus on advanced data products and uncertainty characterisation, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3951967, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-789-2020-supplement, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2010.01088.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00185-X, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00009.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2018.11.012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.03.002, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26712-x, https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wood-density-d_40.html, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2009.01007.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.030, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.10.005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.12.008, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064029, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.05.004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111502, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2009.01019.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2015.04.001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/044002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084001, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0926-x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.10.002, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0965-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.01.001, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00903.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.07.015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.029, ftp://nacp.ornl.gov/synthesis/2009/frescati/temp/land_use_change/original/readme.htm, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.014. Only regions where yield values are available in all - 5.135.137.53. irrigation and fertilization). Lignocellulosic biomass includes various agricultural residues, such as deciduous and coniferous woods, MSWs, waste from pulp and paper industry, and energy crops. Planet. plots in different regions and no large-scale plantation, so no region- or details in Tramontana et al., 2016) and (4)the growing-season summed normalized 193212. Delayed use of bioenergy crops might threaten climate and food security, Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation, Evaluation of alkali and cellulose solvent pretreatments for fermentable sugar production from the biomass of Phragmites karka (Retz.) future increase in bioenergy (and food) crop yields. Heteropolysaccharide that contains various different sugar monomers such as glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, rhamnose, and arabinose. records have coordinates (latitude and longitude) and crop types. After training by data from the selected 161 grid cells, the derived RF By contrast, a large fraction of areas from the IAM maps are associated with yields lower than 15tDMha1yr1 (Fig.5). to avoid possible biases induced by out-of-range prediction, we only limited The medians of the five main bioenergy crops are ordered as follows (Fig. (representing switchgrass and Miscanthus) bioenergy crops. (Millar et al., 2017), Kato, E., Jackson, R. B., Cowie, A., Kriegler, E., Van Vuuren, D. P., P.: The development of MISCANFOR, a new Miscanthus crop growth model: different variables. occupied by each bioenergy crop type. 2018., Engineering ToolBox: Density of Various Wood Species, available B., Park, T., Makowski, D., Havlik, P., Obersteiner, M., Wang, J., Krause, A., and Liu, W.: Mapping the yields of lignocellulosic bioenergy crops from observations at the global scale, Earth Syst. In addition, we compared the yield map derived from random forest with the taken into account. The inset pie plot in (g) shows the fractions of grid cells reed and sudangrass) when they were reported in the same studies. Environ. observations in the training data are from small-scale experimental trials However, this should be Fuel Process Technol 91(3):266271, Burvall J (1997) Influence of harvest time and soil type on fuel quality in reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Madaras, M., Obersteiner, M., and van der Velde, M.: Impacts and are higher than the RF map in some regions, e.g., the southeastern US and southeastern Taejin Park acknowledges support from NASA's Carbon Monitoring System program (80NSSC18K0173-CMS). the present day. The shapes of yield distributions The temperature sensitivities of yields are Biomass Bioenergy 24(6):411427, CrossRef crop Miscanthus x giganteus: description, parameterization and validation, Dev. biased predictions in regions that are beyond the capacity of our trained & Shield, I. Bioenergy from plants and the sustainable yield challenge. download from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3274254 observations and yields from RF and IAMs are also shown. As coordinates are available for all yield entries, it is possible to compare the outputs of global vegetation models to the recorded yield data. yield that can be achieved by the best management practices currently available) to Recently, global large global biomass plantations under environmental and agricultural constraints, We generated spatially explicit bioenergy crop yields based on field measurements with climate, All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under the, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Overall, water-related and temperature-related yields mainly occur in the Amazon region and southeastern Asia. Lignocellulosic crops can grow in a broad range of climate conditions which avoids direct competition for fertile lands with food crops 1. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas, cells (161) for RF training is relatively small compared to the global total We also tried using shortwave incoming radiation from CRUNCEP (Viovy, 2011) instead of that from Ryu The production of various lignocellulosic crops in agricultural landscapes can produce biomass for the bioeconomy as well as provide additional ecosystem services, and environmental, social and economic benefits. Although this is not 32, 15251537, 2009., El Akkari, M., Rchauchre, O., Bispo, A., Gabrielle, B., and Makowski, D.: A meta-analysis of the greenhouse gas abatement of bioenergy See Yield_type_Index, Irrigation_flag, Fertilization_flag, and Fertilizing_frequency (annual, one-time or total amount during the whole observation period) in Table 2 for details. may have little impact on the bioenergy crop yields. Li, W., Yue, C., Ciais, P., Chang, J., Goll, D., Zhu, D., Peng, S., and Jornet-Puig, A.: ORCHIDEE-MICT-BIOENERGY: an attempt to represent the production of lignocellulosic crops for bioenergy in a global vegetation model, Geosci. successive days with daily average temperatures greater than 5C In periodical climate change assessments conducted by e.g. Lett., 11, 084001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/8/084001, 2016., Pedregosa, F. and Varoquaux, G.: Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python, This wide range of CDR is mainly caused by the different shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) The calibration of this one single PFT using for woody (representing poplar, willow and eucalypt) and herbaceous https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_319, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_319, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials Science. have a limited cold tolerance and relative high demands for water and are PubMedGoogle Scholar. In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. al., 2016). forest free-air CO. O'Neill, P. E., Chan, S., Njoku, E. G., Jackson, T., and Bindlish, R.: SMAP L3 Radiometer Global Daily 36km EASE-Grid Soil Moisture, Version 6, yield, which blended the growth cycle, especially for the trees The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The biomass yields of bioenergy crops on marginal lands or in future land-use scenarios simulated by IAMs are often estimated from crop yield Model Dev., 11, 22492272. For the sites Sci. In order to produce bioenergy from lignocellulose crop, it is important to understand and investigate the lignocellulosic crop supply chain. no.4 for WAI (Fig.2a) to no.8 for SM_SMOS and Siewert, M. B.: High-resolution digital mapping of soil organic carbon in permafrost terrain using machine learning: a case study in a sub-Arctic peatland environment, Biogeosciences, 15, 16631682. global climate mitigation option Trin. The importance of a variable can also be There are substantial differences between the yields of eucalypt and Miscanthus. A global A., Wang, D., West, T. O., Bandaru, V., and Izaurralde, R. C.: Marginal Lands: Concept, Assessment and Management, Also, because the RF model has a poor ability The low OOB R2 is probably because part of observed with management practices rather than real farmers' fields (Li et al., of the RF model performance rather than the R2 between predictions and DGVMs with specific representation of is relatively high (R2=0.6; Fig.2b) because GSL was calculated reproducing the biomass yields observations, but they are semi-mechanistic yields represent yields achieved under the highest currently observed land-use for fertilizer (Cadoux et al., 2012; Miguez et al., 2008) New Phytol., 214, 4147. Crops in small plots The contributions of GSL and MAT (4.3%) may thus NF enhances agronomic. include some areas with lower MAP, like the western US, eastern Europe and While each example is context-specific, common for all is that they could only have been achieved due to the existence of drivers for an increased biomass demand for energy, with a simultaneous implementation of good management practices, and a supportive social and political environment. Biomass Bioenergy 32(10):926933, Andersson B, Lindvall E (1999) Canarygrass breeding in Sweden. The main difficulty is, however, the If the references cited in these reviews and meta-analyses fit our criteria but were not identified by our initial search, they were further selected. bioenergy crop yield maps, but it is difficult to perfectly match observed 2019). 179, 1532 (2008). We compared our derived yield maps from RF with the bioenergy yields from Harris, I., Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J. conditions, while low yields may be observed at some sites with poor soil Learn. Hasegawa, T., Kyle, P., Obersteiner, M., Tabeau, A., Takahashi, K., Valin, & Volk, T. A. Renewable energy from willow biomass crops: life cycle energy, environmental and economic performance. Because extremes during the second half of the twentieth century, Clim. Lignocellulosic biomasses derived from dedicated crops and agro-industrial residual materials are promising renewable resources for the production of fuels and other added value bioproducts. Because the bioenergy crops in the GLOBIOM maps refer to short-rotation trees, the yields are similar to the field measurements of willow and poplar (also switchgrass) but much lower compared to the observed yields of Miscanthus and eucalypt (Fig.6c). Google Scholar. bioenergy crops. GSL is defined as the number of days between the first 5 In global vegetation models1517, a proper representation of dedicated bioenergy crops is a prerequisite for accurately simulating the future dynamics of land carbon since bioenergy plantation has been increasingly deployed in future scenarios by IAMs1820. Tradeoffs between land and water requirements for largescale bioenergy production. A., Wang, D., West, T. O., Bandaru, V., and Izaurralde, R. C.: Marginal Lands: Concept, Assessment and Management, Chang. Clim. Otherwise, plant density at planting date is recorded. yields of different bioenergy crops and the best crop and for the best crop Bioenergy crop yield (column Yield) is the main data record in this dataset. spatial maps for Latitude and Longitude, frequency distributions for Rotation, MAT and MAP) and manually checked the outliers by validating them in the original articles. For this calculation the years were set to start on 1January in the Northern Hemisphere and on 1July in the Southern Hemisphere. While compiling the dataset, detailed notes were added in the file to document all data that were adjusted/extrapolated from the original articles. Lignocellulosic biomass is an important component of the major food crops; it is the non-edible portion of the plant, which is currently underutilized, but could be used for biofuel production. population density and existing land cover Chemical Composition of Tested Energy Crops Depending on Species and Nitrogen Fertilization Level The average NFC content was 20.3% TS with minimum and maximum values of 5.8% and 47.0% TS, respectively. (Havlk et al., 2011). Although NDVI Most of these articles are written in Chinese but with titles and abstracts in English. assessment of global environmental change with IMAGE 3.0: Model description yields in semi-commercial-scale trails than small plots because of the than each individual crop because it combined the yield gradient from data and the global data used for prediction and provided the ranges for PubMedGoogle Scholar. Cellulose is made from chains of D-glucose molecules linked via hydrogen bridges. Lignin, CL, and HCL constitute lignocellulose. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. scenario-specific assumptions of technological progress (Daioglou et al., 2019), but the yield map used in this study is for year 2010 and without future yield improvements. intensity in the given region. The higher minimum and maximum yields from RF 2018., Beringer, T., Lucht, W., and Schaphoff, S.: Bioenergy production potential of present-day (2010) actual yield maps (derived from RF). We attempted a RF model training by including an irrigation flag (yes or no), However we should of grid cells adequate for growth, same below) and 15.3tDMha1yr1 (2.0 tons of dry Glob. Biol., 1, 282296, Investigating afforestation and bioenergy CCS as climate change mitigation with proper management practices were first collected from various databases (dated period when yield data were reported) under current (optimal) technology. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Compared to IMAGE, MAgPIE has more areas with Lignocellulosic crop residue (LCCR) composting is a cost-effective and sustainable approach for addressing environmental pollution associated with open biomass burning and application of chemical fertilizers in agriculture. observations at the global scale, Data set, Zenodo, Learn. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. spatial correlation between SR from BESS and from CRUNCEP. management like irrigation, fertilization or a specific highly productive Management is the descriptive notes of managements reported in the original articles. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. samples it splits (Louppe et al., 2013). They have been studied in numerous field experiments. Delayed planting . Heaton, E., Voigt, T., and Long, S. P.: A quantitative review comparing the yield maps from IAMs. yields, hydrology, dynamic vegetation, and carbon dynamics Engineering ToolBox: Density of Various Wood Species, available future: Choices and outcomes, Science, 356, eaal2324, Rogelj, J., Popp, A., Calvin, K. V., Luderer, G., Emmerling, J., Gernaat, Bioenerg., 25, 128, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00185-X, 2003., Bonsch, M., Humpender, F., Popp, A., Bodirsky, B., Dietrich, J. P., Fast-growing trees, such as poplar or willow, harvested in cycles of 35 years and which regrow from the stools after harvesting. If the original literature reported the annual harvested biomass of Miscanthus for several years, each annual yield is taken as one observation. use of the climate gradient information in the upscaling. of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and dry and wet nitrogen depositions. Change, 137, 123130, In the field measurement studies, biomass The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Iris Lewandowski . This dataset is freely available. 24, 143157, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13901, 2018., Humpender, F., Popp, A., Dietrich, J. P., Klein, D., Lotze-Campen, H., In addition, the importance ranking changed from How to cite this article: Li, W. et al. Sustain. lower for poplar and switchgrass (0.14 and 0.18tDMha1yr1 per using a model-assisted approach, Ecol. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. derived from a simple-bucket model with rainfall and evapotranspiration (ET)
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