Many studies have proven that using recurrent selection in drought increase in gain yield is observed [15]. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Int J Mol Sci. Drought is a major threat to food production worldwide and its impact is only expected to increase with the further onset of climate change. Identifying drought prone areas in which the variety should be developed is a difficult task because it differs from place to place and time to time. Henry, A., J.C. Rosas, J.S. Epub 2018 Mar 31. Cooper M, Gho C, Leafgren R, Tang T, Messina C. J Exp Bot. Osmotic adjustment or Osmoregulation is active accumulation of solutes in the cells during stress period. Drought stress responses can be divided into four broad types: drought escape, drought avoidance, drought tolerance, and drought recovery, each characterized by interacting mechanisms, which may together be referred to as drought resistance mechanisms. Plant Breeding For Drought Tolerance, USDA initiative, Genetic and genomic tools to improve drought tolerance in wheat, Evaluating a Conceptual Model for Drought Tolerance, Website on plant stresses by Dr. Abraham Blum, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breeding_for_drought_stress_tolerance&oldid=1107362366. 2015 Oct 27;6:891. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00891. Clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats/CAS [CRISPR-CAS] systems are adaptive immunity systems that are present in many archea and bacteria, encoded by operons with diverse architecture, a high rate of evolution for the CAS genes, and unique spacer content [154]. (1980). May L., Milthorpe F. Drought resistance of crop plants. Here, we provide a brief review on the progress in genetic, genomic, and molecular studies of drought resistance in major crops . Dr. Tommy Carter discusses the breeding for drought resistance project and the importance of incorporating exotic material into soybean varieties. Rebetzke G.J., Chenu K., Biddulph B., Moeller C., Deery D.M., Rattey A.R., Bennett D., Barrett-Lennard G., Mayer J.E. 8600 Rockville Pike There needs to be precise and accurate phenotyping and high-throughput genotyping, characterization of the target environments and stress scenarios, and good analytical tools to integrate the different components. Barakat A., DiLoreto D.S., Zhang Y., Smith C., Baier K., Powell W.A., Wheeler N., Sederoff R., Carlson J.E. A multi-gene transformation strategy combining several major functional or regulatory genes may offer a better option for drought resistant transgenics. . Lobet G., Draye X., Perilleux C. An online database for plant image analysis software tools. The japonica water-saving and drought-resistance rice (Oryza sativa L.) (WDR) cultivar Huhan 9 harbors genes for resistance to rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae), including Pi-ta and Pi-b.The early maturing japonica rice cultivar Suhuxiangjing and the high-yield WDR cultivars Huhan 3 and Huhan 11 were used as the parents to conduct single cross breeding and composite hybridization breeding. FOIA Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Hirano Y., Yamamoto R., Dannoura M., Aono K., Igarashi T., Ishii M., Yamase K., Makita N., Kanazawa Y. $18. Dehydration stress results when water loss from the plant exceeds the ability of the plant's roots to absorb water and when the plant's water content is reduced enough to interfere with normal plant processes. Roots can respond to drought stress directly by, for example, growing longer to reach new potential sources of water [44]. Genetic engineering and breeding of drought-resistant crops. Developing a rice variety with inherent tolerance against these major abiotic stresses will help achieve a sustained increase in rice production under unfavorable conditions. Methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), a precursor of isoprenoids generated by the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, is another retrograde pathway that can induce expression of nuclear encoded stress responsive genes [68]. at high temperature. Plant responses to drought stress is complex can be categorized into four broad types: drought escape, drought avoidance, drought tolerance, and drought recovery, each characterized by interacting mechanisms. However, these variations are spontaneous provides the plant breeders to identify the new variations among the individuals among the emerged plants. Zou J-J., Wei F-J., Wang C., Wu J-J., Ratnasekera D., Liu W-X., Wu W-H. Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK10 functions in abscisic acid and Ca2+-mediated stomatal regulation in response to drought stress. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which is also dependent on leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover, could be derived from satellite images and analyzed [96]. So far, GPR has only been used for coarse root analysis e.g., for trees, as it has not been easy to separate roots from background. Because drought continues to be a major limiting environmental factor in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production, a breeding strategy for developing drought resistance was initiated in the early 1980's at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. J. Unlike MAS, GS does not require prior knowledge of a few large effect genes or QTLs [105]. The breeding material evolved from breeding environments are lastly assessed in a wide range of environments and those showing high mean performance with high stability may be released for cultivation. Genomic selection for durable stem rust resistance in wheat. Jia G., Huang X., Zhi H., Zhao Y., Zhao Q., Li W., Chai Y., Yang L., Liu K., Lu H., Zhu C., Lu Y., Zhou C., Fan D., Weng Q., Guo Y., Huang T., Zhang L., Lu T., Feng Q., Hao H., Liu H., Lu P., Zhang N., Li Y. A large number of rice accessions from the genebank of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) were screened to identify drought tolerance donors to use in breeding and several accessions with high grain yields in both well-watered and drought stress conditions were recommended for use in drought resistance breeding programs [144]. In addition to non-ideal environmental conditions, developing countries often experience great yield gaps between yield potential and actual yield in farmers' fields due to low input and poor management practices, and the use of unimproved germplasm not adapted to the current environment. Infrared thermometry used to measure the moisture uptake efficiency, Banding herbicide metribuzin by deep in the soil, and usage of iodine-131 and hydroponic culture in stress at 15 bar towards growth of the roots, Adaptation of psychometric process Evaluation of osmotic, Diffusion porometry method Leaf water conductance, Mini-rhizotron method Root penetration, supply and thickness in the field, Infrared aerial photography Dehydration postponement, Carbon isotope discrimination Improved water-use efficiency, Drought index measurement Total yield and number of fruits, Visual scoring or extent Maturity, leaf molding, leaf length, angle, orientation, root morphology and other morphological traits, College of Horticulture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, India, Agricultural College, Naira, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, India. Overexpression of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3 (NCED3), which drought stress rapidly induces, enhances drought tolerance by catalyzing a key step in ABA biosynthesis [47, 48]. Hammer G.L., Dong Z., McLean G., Doherty A., Messina C., Schussler J., Zinselmeier C., Paszkiewicz S., Mark Cooper M. Can changes in canopy and/or root system architecture explain historical maize yield trends in the US corn belt? The full scope of the genetics behind plants responses to drought stress is too broad to fully cover here, as different drought stress scenarios also trigger unique pathways and genes, and each response is complex in itself. In this regard, Salekdeh et al. Even so, stable yield has little value if the yields under normal conditions are not reliably high as well [88, 89]. Editorial: Crop Breeding for Drought Resistance Front Plant Sci. For example, Bidinger et al. 1998. Molina C., Rotter B., Horres R., Udupa S.M., Besser B., Bellarmino L., Baum M., Matsumura H., Terauchi R., Kahl G., Winter P. SuperSAGE: The drought stress-responsive transcriptome of chickpea roots. (Capsicum Chinense Jacq.) Drought is induced by absence of water due to irregular rainfalls or insufficient irrigation but it can be impaired by other factors like soil salinity and physical properties and high air or soil temperature. Schneider S.H., Semenov S., Patwardhan A., Burton I., Magadza C.H., Oppenheimer M., Pittock A.B., Rahman A., Smith J.B., Suarez A., Yamin F. In: Assessing key vulnerabilities and the risk from climate change. For instance, the International Potato Center (CIP) gene bank holds about 80% of the worlds native potato and sweetpotato germplasm and about 80% of wild species [personal communication, CIP genebank]. This has consequences at the molecular level where gene networks controlling several traits overlap. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Brown P.J., Upadyayula N., Mahone G.S., Tian F., Bradbury P.J., Myles S., Holland J.B., Flint-Garcia S., McMullen M.D., Buckler E.S., Rocheford T.R. Bengough A.G., Gordon D.C., Al-Menaie H., Ellis R.P., Allan D., Keith R., Thomas W.T., Forster B.P. Hybridization-based marker systems with thousands of markers such as Infinium SNP assays, or sequence-based genotyping methods are in increasing use. Borrell A.K., Mullet J.E., George-Jaeggli B., van Oosterom E.J., Hammer G.L., Klein P.E., Jordan D.R. Plant breeding for water-limited environments. Drought escape involves adjustment of rate of maturity, rapid phenological development, developmental plasticity and remobilization of assimilates in order to escape dry seasons [14]. Part 1: the geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000 Glob. Image analysis from complex, large data sets from field experiments remains a bottleneck in high-throughput phenomics that will need further development for implementation to proceed more broadly. Tuteja N. Abscisic acid and abiotic stress signaling. Considerable progress has globally, grown in an area of about 12.6 million ha across 55 coun- been made in breeding drought and heattolerant varieties and early tries (FAOSTAT, 2016). Controlling ROS metabolism and regulating ROS homeostasis are essential for normal functioning under stress and many genes are involved. Monsanto developed genotyping systems and information tools that allowed molecular marker-assisted methodologies to increase mean performance of elite breeding populations in maize [120]. MEFs should be strategically located to represent important target crop production areas and equipped with basic field facilities, including weather stations, access to soil analysis, and some low technology field phenotyping equipment [87, 80]. Breeding for drought resistance is the process of breeding plants with the goal of reducing the impact of dehydration on plant growth. Stomatal conductance, which plays an important role in regulating plant water balance and WUE, can be measured using carbon isotope discrimination 13C or oxygen isotope composition d18O [69], while osmotic adjustment involving the increase in concentration of organic and inorganic substances such as sugars, polyols, amino acids, among others in the cytochylema during drought stress can be measured using laboratory analyses of these compounds [69]. 1984. Carlson T.N., Ripley D.A. Such controlled conditions can include greenhouses, growth chambers, rainout shelters, among others, involving hydroponic systems, aeroponic systems, use of gel- or soil filled chambers [83], soil sacs, paper pouches, paper rolls, and pot experiments, among others [84, 69]. (2011). In order to achieve results that are truly indicative of performance in the field, standard crop management practices should be used with uniform and repeatable stress levels (Fig. Natural variation and gene regulatory basis for the responses of asparagus beans to soil drought. 1981) 1. Total loading time: 3.037 Breeding for drought resistance has historically been one of the most important and common objectives of several breeding programmes for all the major food crops in most countries (Ceccarelli et al. Climate change and population increase further increase yield losses stemming from drought stress and their impact. Keywords: Dehydration escape involves e.g. Detection frequency of Pinus thunbergii roots by ground-penetrating radar is related to root biomass. NIRS have also been applied to study canopy traits such as plant water status and plant transpiration to detect early drought stress [97]. For example, the ABA signal transduction network regulates stomatal closure, a key drought stress response. Growers use Vivent sensors to work out the optimum temperature and lighting for their greenhouses. Breeding for drought resistance refers to breeding for yield under soil moisture stress condition. Endo A., Sawada Y., Takahashi H., Okamoto M., Ikegami K., Koiwai H., Seo M., Toyomasu T., Mitsuhashi W., Shinozaki K., Nakazono M., Kamiya Y., Koshiba T., Nambara E. Drought induction of Arabidopsis 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase occurs in vascular parenchyma cells. Using this approach, the response of leaf growth to temperature and water deficits in maize was broken down into traits such as intrinsic elongation rate [130]. MABC has also been successfully deployed in rice breeding with a notable example of the popular variety IR64 [116]. Other osmoprotectants include trehalose, which is synthesized via trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS1) [64], and betaine, biosynthesis under the control of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) [65]. Fahlgren N., Gehan A.M., Baxter I. Various biotic and abiotic environmental factors interfere with the complete genetic potential of crop plant are called stress. Overall, plant response to drought is complicated, and plants under drought stress integrate diverse responses and adaptive mechanisms at the morphological, physiological and molecular levels, with large genotypic variations in each (Fig. Menu Cairns J.E., Impa S.M., OToole J.C., Jagadish S.V., Price A.H. Screening procedure for drought tolerance. Various measurements of dehydration tolerance are as follows. 2022 Jul;259(4):1081-1097. doi: 10.1007/s00709-021-01722-1. 16 March 2010, Introduction: improvement of drought resistance in conventional breeding programmes. Mechanisms such as osmotic adjustment (OA) whereby a plant maintains cell turgor pressure under reduced soil water potential are categorised as dehydration tolerance mechanisms. Published online by Cambridge University Press: This is termed osmotic adjustment and enables the plant to take up water, maintain turgor and survive longer. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. However, this digging out has several drawbacks, including damage to the root system while pulling out the plant, being laborious to evaluate hundreds of genotypes, and inability to characterize the development of the same plant over time [92]. Epub 2014 Mar 4. Davletova S., Schlauch K., Coutu J., Mittler R. The zinc-finger protein Zat12 plays a central role in reactive oxygen and abiotic stress signaling in Arabidopsis. Effective use of water (EUW) and not water-use efficiency (WUE) is the target of crop yield improvement under drought stress. Staying within existing well-known genepools is not enough. "useSa": true Karpinski S., Escobar C., Karpinska B., Creissen G., Mullineaux P.M. Photosynthetic electron transport regulates the expression of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase genes in Arabidopsis during excess light stress. However, high ABA can also result in sterility since high ABA levels may abort developing florets, The concept of combination phenomics comes from the idea that two or more plant stresses have common physiological effects or common traits - which are an indicator of overall plant health. Harvesting the promising fruits of genomics: Applying genome sequencing technologies to crop breeding. ii) Osmotic adjustment is an important mechanism positively affects growth and yield under stress. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Parry, M.L. Dehydration tolerance mechanisms are the result of a response triggered by dehydration stress itself and are therefore considered adaptive. hasContentIssue true, Biochemistry, Physiology and Ecology and their Application to Plant Improvement, Introduction: some terminology and common mechanisms, The impact of environmental stresses on ecosystems, Whole-plant responses to stress in natural and agricultural systems, Regulation of growth and development of plants growing with a restricted supply of water, Desiccation injury, anhydrobiosis and survival, Molecular biology: application to studies of stress tolerance, Environmental control of gene expression and stress proteins in plants, Plant tissue and protoplast culture: applications to stress physiology and biochemistry, Selection for physiological characters examples from breeding for salt tolerance, Prospects for improving crop production in stressful environments, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511661587.012, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Wilcox et al., 1979; Castleberry, Crum & Krull, 1984) has demonstrated a genetic improvement in yield under both favourable and stress conditions. 2008.Variation in south Asian wheat germ-plasm for seedling drought resistance traits. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Reymond M., Muller B., Leonardi A., Charcosset A., Tardieu F. Combining quantitative trait loci analysis and an ecophysiological model to analyze the genetic variability of the responses of maize leaf growth to temperature and water deficit. Soil moisture deficit is a significant challenge to the future of crop production. Gene editing can be achieved through the use of these CRISPR-CAS systems where short RNAs direct CAS nucleases to induce precise cleavage at endogenous loci with nicking enzymes for facilitated homology-directed repair with minimal mutagenic activity. Breeding for drought tolerance is an ongoing research effort at K-State. It should not be confused with resistance in the physiological sense, as it is practically impossible for a plant to resist the effects of severe drought stress. Hu H., Xiong L. Genetic engineering and breeding of drought-resistant crops. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. It is becoming the technology of choice to study differential expression of genes in both model and non-model plants such as lodgepole pine [124], chestnut [125], sweetpotato [126], chickpea [127], and cassava [128], among others. Figure . Screening of rice genebank germplasm for yield and selection of new drought tolerance donors. Selecting traits of focus and prioritizing them should be based on their value and contribution toward increasing the yield and yield stability. 1. Bookshelf The control of cell expansion plays an important role in maintaining normal plant growth under drought stress. As the maximum genetic potential of yield is expected to be realized under the optimum condition and a high positive correlation exists between . Ortiz R., Taba S., Tovar V.H., Mezzalama M., Xu Y., Yan J., Jonathan H., Crouch J.H. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. Potato production worldwide is also strongly affected by drought stress, and improving drought resistance has become a priority for potato breeders. Ability of crop plants to complete their life cycle before the start of moisture stress in the field is known as drought escape. Cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase encoding genes (APXs) are induced by overexpression of zinc-finger transcription factors ZAT10 and ZAT12, and act as ROS scavengers for chloroplast proteins under drought stress [56, 57]. Developing suitability maps for rainwater harvesting in South Africa. In some cases, plants use a drought tolerance mechanism, which implies maintaining plant health and productivity despite low internal water potential, involving the regulation of hundreds of genes and series of metabolic pathways in order to reduce and/or repair the damage resulting from drought stress, which in turn enables a plant to sustain a certain level of physiological activities under severe drought stress [18, 19]. At the physiological level, plants can adjust their rates of photosynthesis by modifying photosystem II, stomatal closure, and low electron transport, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, nucleic acid and protein activity, and growth as a whole [13]. "Selection and Breeding of Drought Resistant,Water-saving and High-yield Wheat Variety Cangmai 028"20172 As a complex trait, drought resistance requires examination of thousands of genotypes grown in replications across multiple environments to assess differential expression of multiple genes. Drought Tolerance Breeding Analytical Breeding Empirical Breeding vs. yield of rice mega-variety IR64 under drought. Therefore, a well-defined breeding strategy needs thorough characterization of the stress environment, good trait evaluation, and a well-defined screening methodology, coupled with new tools for selection of superior genotypes (Fig. Considering the number of genotypes required for field evaluation experiments, particularly with the added factor of a complex trait like drought tolerance, high-throughput phenotyping techniques need to be rapid, flexible, reliable and repeatable. Germplasm of crops has been screened for various abiotic stresses, and has shown great variation for response to many stresses due to the presence of novel allelic variations e.g. Drought can be defined as the absence of rainfall or irrigation for a period of time sufficient to deplete soil moisture and cause dehydration in plant tissues. The proline accumulated in response to drought stress or salinity stress in plants is primarily restricted in the cytosol (Figure 3) [18, 19, 20]. This complexity therefore calls for proper characterization of the environment, including timing, frequency and intensity of drought as critical to breeding for drought resistance. Drought stress decreases size of the leaves, stem extension and root proliferation inside the soil, it also disturbs plant water relations and reduces water-use efficiency ultimately reduces the yielding ability of the plant so, breeding for Drought resistance is a good approach, following different breeding strategies and approaches to develop a drought resistant variety combining both conventional and molecular approaches. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Seeds from the chosen plants are collected to raise new plant progenies. Plant Path. In nature or crop fields, water is often the most limiting factor for plant growth. These include proximal remote sensing and imaging, high throughput metabolomics analysis, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [85]. Drought is a major threat to food production worldwide and is caused by insufficient rainfall and/or erratic rainfall patterns [1]. Heat Tolerance: The contribution of heat tolerance to performance under dehydration stress needs to be quantified, but it is relatively easy to screen for (Reynolds et al. Cloning of ornithine delta-aminotransferase cDNA from, Roosens N.H., Thu T.T., Iskandar H.M., Jacobs M. Isolation of the ornithine--aminotransferase cDNA and effect of salt stress on its expression in, Yeo E-T., Kwon H-B., Han S-E., Lee J-T., Ryu J-C., Byu M.O. Plants (Basel). Defining a TPE instead of a single target environment allows screening for the expected real-life range of growing conditions and potential stresses, and better predicts potential performance of the variety [81]. Dehydration avoidance is desirable in modern agriculture, where drought resistance requires the maintenance of economically viable plant production under dehydration stress. You J., Zong W., Li X., Ning J., Hu H., Li X., Xiao J., Xiong L. The SNAC1-targeted gene OsSRO1c modulates stomatal closure and oxidative stress tolerance by regulating hydrogen peroxide in rice. Cellular hardening, induction of housekeeping genes, floral initiation in 12days of stress. The .gov means its official. Measuring root traits in barley (Hordeum Vulgare Ssp. Ahmed H.U., Henry A., Mauleon R., Dixit S., Vikram P., Tilatto R., Verulkar S.B., Perraju P., Mandal N.P., Variar M., Robin S., Chandrababu R., Singh O.N., Dwivedi J.L., Das S.P., Mishra K.K., Yadaw R.B., Aditya T.L., Karmakar B., Satoh K., Moumeni A., Kikuch S., Leung H., Arvind K. physiological, Wang Z., Fang B., Chen J., Zhang X., Luo Z., Huang L., Chen X., Li Y. GS uses all available markers for a population as predictors of GEBVs, based on formulae estimated from a training population with both genotypic and phenotypic data, to bypass marker-trait association identification. Many crops grown in diverse environmental conditions and are subjected to different stress conditions among them drought is the major yield limiting factor in major crops. Chapman S.C. Use of crop models to understand gGenotype by environment interactions for drought in real-world and simulated plant breeding trials. Dehydrins also respond to ABA signals, and are a distinct biochemical group of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins that can be induced by drought and other abiotic stresses [35]. Lynch J.P., Nielsen K.L., Davis R.D., Jablokow A.G. SimRoot: Modelling and visualization of root systems. At cellular level, it effects structure of membranes and organelles, hydration and structure of proteins and nucleic acids, pressure differential across the membrane cell wall complex. Genetic engineering and breeding of drought-resistant crops Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses affecting the productivity of most field crops. Breeding for water-saving and drought-resistance rice (WDR) in China. The equilibrium between production and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as 1O2 H2O2, O2.- and OH., normal by-products of aerobic metabolism, is normally disrupted under drought stress, leading to cell injury and sometimes cell death [37]. Similarly, proline, an osmoprotectant under drought conditions, may have toxic effects under heat stress [73, 10]. What are examples of a drought? Rosyara, U.R., A. Then enter the name part How? Books > About 4mL of toluene was added to the contents and mixed vigorously for few sec and OD values for the colored component was restrained at 520nm using toluene as the blank. Genome-Wide Association Studies of Image Traits Reveal Genetic Architecture of Drought Resistance in Rice. The level of water stress in reproductive meristems is lower than that in the transpiring leaves of a plant at any given time. Phenotyping with controlled experiments has the advantage of precise control of the main environmental parameters that are greatly variable under field conditions. The site is secure. This enables plants to complete their life cycle before the onset of severe drought stress [10]. Hu H., Dai M., Yao J., Xiao B., Li X., Zhang Q., Xiong L. Overexpressing a NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC) transcription factor enhances drought resistance and salt tolerance in rice. Evidence for a SAL1-PAP chloroplast retrograde pathway that functions in drought and high light signaling in Arabidopsis. 2022 Mar 17;4:863193. doi: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.863193. Reimer JJ, Shaaban B, Drummen N, Sanjeev Ambady S, Genzel F, Poschet G, Wiese-Klinkenberg A, Usadel B, Wormit A. Antioxidants (Basel). Pre-sowing and post sowing treatments improve drought hardening. A proper timing of life-cycle, resulting in the completion of the most sensitive developmental stages while water is abundant, is considered to be a dehydration escape strategy. Osakabe Y., Arinaga N., Umezawa T., Katsura S., Nagamachi K., Tanaka H., Ohiraki H., Yamada K., Seo S.U., Abo M., Yoshimura E., Shinozaki K., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K. Osmotic stress responses and plant growth controlled by potassium transporters in Arabidopsis. 2021 Nov 30;22(23):12970. doi: 10.3390/ijms222312970. Grain yield, harvest index, and water use of wheat. Our crop species have enormous genetic diversity that gives them the ability to adapt to changing environments, including pests, diseases, and climate change. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013: The Multiple Dimensions of Food Security. SAL1/ALX8/FRY1, which regulates the retrograde 3-phosphoadenosine 5-phosphate (PAP) pathway, has the capacity to alter nuclear gene expression during drought stress [66, 67].
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