They also exhibited a clear zone of beta hemolysis on sheep blood and human blood agar after 48 h incubation. This means that Shewanella infections occur in warm climates or during especially warm summers in temperate climates. "Shewanella (Pseudomonas) putrefaciens bacteraemia". Clin Infect Dis. . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Benaissa E, Abassor T, Oucharqui S, Maleb A, Elouennass M. IDCases. The presumptive Shewanella isolates presented as Gram-negative rods and displayed positive reaction for oxidase-catalase test and production of H2S. This result suggests that ballast water could transport bacterial species from various regions around the globe contributing to the global spread of the species. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA and gyrB amplicons was completed by a sequencing company (Apical Scientific Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia). Further biochemical tests revealed that all the presumptive Shewanella spp. Open Access. It was reported in several studies that gyrB gene has always been used as a discriminative detection for Shewanella species identification [50-52]. There are approximately 30 Shewanella strains; however, infections in humans are mainly caused by S. algae and S . Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2016 Nov 29;16(10):e6642. Khurshid A, Shaukat S, Suleman R.M, Angez M. Han Z, Sun J, Lv A, Sung Y, Shi H, Hu X, Xing K. Isolation, identification and characterization of, Lemaire O.N, Mjean V, Iobbi-Nivol C. The, Ananth A.L, Nassiri N, Pamoukian V.N. The multiple resistance profile observed in S. algae strains of ballast water are of concern as horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes might occur due to the closed system and water retention time within ballast tanks [75]. Cholewiska P, Moniuszko H, Wojnarowski K, Pokorny P, Szeligowska N, Dobicki W, Polechoski R, Grniak W. Int J Environ Res Public Health. These isolates were tested for selected biochemical and cultural charac-teristics. Intraperitoneal (I.P) challenge by S. putrefaciens revealed its pathogenicity with 50% mortality. Phenotypic test results showed that Shewanella spp. Mogrovejo-Arias D.C, Brill F.H.H, Wagner D. Potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from diverse habitats in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Shewanella putrefaciens is also well known for its use in biotechnology. government site. 2005 Apr;35(4):186-91. doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2005.03.008. Shewanella putrefaciens is also known to cause the rotting smell associated with dead fish because of its production of trimethylamines (McNair). No ethical approval was required in this study. NNNI, NMN, and FS designed the study. The samples were collected using 20 L bucket through the manhole or overflow pipe when manhole was inaccessible which later filled into 1 L sterilized Schott bottle. The association of S. putrefaciens with subacute bacterial endocarditis in an immunocompetent patient further extends the clinical spectrum of this opportunistic pathogen. A total of four S. algae isolates were isolated from four ballast water samples tentatively name Sa-BW1, Sa-BW2, Sa-BW7, and Sa-BW8. However, prior reports of monomicrobial infection with S. algae have suggested the organism as causal in many cases, confirming its ability to cause disease [28-30]. 1999. FOIA and transmitted securely. The functionality is limited to basic scrolling. Guinetti-Ortiz K, Bocanegra-Jess A, Gmez de la Torre-Del Carpio A. Medwave. SEARCH CITATION SEARCH The ePub format is best viewed in the iBooks reader. Annual Review of Microbiology. While for human blood agar preparation, human blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers by a medical laboratory technician of the UKM Health Center. 23192325.]. The The infections described most commonly involve ears, skin and soft tissue, with or without bacteraemia. No anaerobic organisms were isolated. The isolates were found to produce hemolytic activity on sheep blood agar, secreted several extracellular enzymes (lipase, protease, DNase, and gelatinase), performed a strongly adherent biofilm and demonstrated multiple resistances toward antibiotics. Much of the problem in prevention comes from tendency of Shewanella to become a . Biochemical and enzymatic profiles of S. algae strains from ballast water. [1,2].Shewanella spp. Preparation of genomic DNA from bacteria. The topology of the phylogenetic tree was evaluated by a bootstrap analysis through 1000 replications. Shewanella putrefaciens is also well known for its use in biotechnology. Chen YS, Liu YC, Yen MY, Wang JH, Wang JH, Wann SR, Cheng DL. Streptococci give a negative catalase test, while staphylococci are catalase-positive. Cosmochim. A NJ phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA (Figure-1a) indicated that the isolates fell within the clade comprising the members of genus Shewanella, forming a cluster with S. algae strain ATCC 51192 with sequences similarities of 99.4% (Sa-BW1), 99.9% (Sa-BW2), 99.8% (Sa-BW7), and 100% (Sa-BW8). Shewanella consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high. This means with the presence of Shewanella putrefaciens as a electronon acceptor and metal reducer of iron their was a change of charge detected in the fuel cell when lactate was added. (b) Maximum-likelihood tree. Ballast water samples were taken from nine ballast tanks of nine-unit ships docked at Port Klang, Malaysia. Virulence. Important differential characteristics between the two species include the ability of S. algae to produce mucoid colonies with beta-haemolysis on sheep blood agar, to grow at 42 degrees C and in NaCl 6% w/v, and to reduce nitrite, and an inability to produce acid from maltose, all of which are in contrast to the characteristics of S. putrefaciens. S. putrefaciens and Streptococcus viridans were isolated from both sets of blood culture bottles after 24 h of aerobic incubation. Brinkmeyer R. Diversity of bacteria in ships ballast water as revealed by next generation DNA sequencing. Semple K.M, Westlake D.W.S. The production of exopolysaccharides matrix in the formation of biofilms could provide protection from mechanical or chemical treatment and from predatory protists [64]. Additional phenotypic characteristics such as the ability to grow at 42C, tolerance to high salt concentration (6-8%), and hemolysis on sheep blood agar distinguished the S. algae isolates from other species such as S. putrefaciens, S. haliotis and S. xiamenensis as described in the previous study [44]. Intermediate resistance to kanamycin, oxytetracycline, and streptomycin was also recorded. J. Bacteriol. Genome analysis of multidrug-resistant. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. Most research done on Shewanella putrefaciens in relation to marine life concentrates on the prevention of bacterial outbreaks in fisheries. The occurrence of the two Shewanella species found in clinical specimens, Shewanella algae and Shewanella putrefaciens, correlates with the temperature and salinity of seawater. Edberg S.C, Gallo P, Kontnick C. Analysis of the virulence characteristics of bacteria isolated from bottled, water cooler, and tap water. doi: 10.5867/medwave.2016.10.6642. Volume 25. p. 225229. 2007. John E. Bennett MD, in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 2020 Shewanella Species. make it a highly adaptable organism that can survive in different environmental niches. On examination of the patient, no evidence of congestive heart failure was found. The .gov means its official. Identification of the isolate as S. putrefaciens was confirmed by the API 20E system (bioMerieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.). It is a facultative anaerobe, motile, and Gram-negative bacillus belonging to the family Shewanellaceae, order Alteromonadales. Appelbaum P C, Bowen A J. Opportunistic infection of chronic skin ulcers with. The characterizations were carried out based on the biochemical and enzymatic properties, 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis, biofilm formation ability, and susceptibility to antibiotics. The .gov means its official. (a) Neighbor-joining tree. eCollection 2022. This bacterium can attach to biotic/abiotic surfaces to form biofilms which contribute to seafood quality degradation and shelf-life reduction. Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of aerobic bacteria: approved standard. This is the first known case of infective endocarditis due to an apparently monomicrobial S. putrefaciens infection, and the second known . Triggers multiple biochemical changes that accelerates metabolism, promoting the aging and deterioration of fruits and vegetables, even in low temperature conditions (Li et al., 2018; Wei et al., 2021). ), or their login data. This is due to the fact Shewanella putrefaciens tends to grow in "microbial communities" where other bacteria is part of the film formed. government site. Almost the same topology was observed in ML tree of gyrB gene (Figure-2b). The global distribution of pathogenic bacteria implicates a negative effect on the existing ecosystem as well as marine animal and human health. PMC legacy view It is widely distributed in nature; its natural habitats are water and soil (11). Richards G.P, Watson M.A, Crane E.J.M, Burt I.G, Bushek D. Drake L.A, Doblin M.A, Dobbs F.C. Isolation and identification of. Biochemical and Pathogenic Properties of Shewanella alga and Shewanella putrefaciens. The bacteria has also been shown to derive energy by reducing uranium, manganese, Vanadium, and Technetium (Min). The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features Enter words / phrases / DOI / ISBN / authors / keywords / etc. 1 . (1987), but the isolates tested did not require NaCl to . These characteristics may represent the putative pathogenic factor of the S. algae strains. The biofilm formation by the isolates was quantified based on the absorbance (OD) reading at 595 nm. GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses. These characteristics grouped the S. algae isolates into mesophilic and halophilic Shewanella strains as reported by several studies [45-47]. is ubiquitous in marine-associated environments and widely spread in nature throughout the world. How is Shewanella algae diagnosed? In the last few decades a growing number of cases have been described. Previous study by Altug et al. ; 04-01-02-SF1244) and Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (Grant no. Sep;15 Volume (9). (a) Neighbor-joining tree. FRGS/1/2019/STG05/UKM/02/6). algae is found in warm Marine environments throughout the world, and is isolated from seawater with 15-20ppt salinity [6].. Shewanella algae is of interest because of its potential to be a serious human pathogen. Close. 1, p. 151. . An official website of the United States government. This organism produced nonhemolytic tan colonies on 5% sheep blood agar. [60], no single extracellular enzyme has been proved to be the sole factor responsible for bacterial pathogenicity. "Skin and soft-tissue manifestations of Shewanella putrefaciens infection". If it does effect human health it is typically only seen to show effects in combination eith other bacterial infections such as E.coli, pneumonia, and streptococcus. The presence of putative pathogenic strains in ballast water suggested that ships carry a potential risk to local marine environment, should they release the pathogenic strains during ballasting operation. Available from: Krumperman P.H. In term of pathogenicity, formation of biofilms provides protection against immune system and antibiotic treatment thus preventing access of certain antimicrobial agents from reaching the bacterial cells within the biofilm which could complicate the clinical treatment of S. algae [66]. Simidu U, Kita-Tsukamoto K, Yasumoto T, Yotsu M. Taxonomy of four marine bacterial strains that produce tetrodotoxin. Palevich N, Palevich FP, Gardner A, Brightwell G, Mills J. The occurrence of the two Shewanella species found in clinical specimens, Shewanella algae and Shewanella putrefaciens, correlates with the temperature and salinity of seawater.This means that Shewanella infections occur in warm climates or during especially warm summers in temperate climates. The patient improved once the treatment was started and was discharged at the end of the treatment period. Accessibility These things combined make the bacteria hard to detect until after the death of an organism, and hard to kill without the use of antibiotics. Should a novel genotype of pathogenic species arrived in ballast water, it may establish and persist in the local waters [1] which may lead to the emergence of new virulence strains in the existing population. A comparison of microbial water quality and diversity for ballast and tropical harbor waters. Positive control, S. aureus showed OD value 0.920.05 indicated strong adherence capabilities. In our patient, the source of infection could not be documented. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Approximately 1400 bp nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA gene and 1100 bp nucleotide sequences of gyrB genes of S. algae ballast water isolates were used for phylogenetic analyses. Laupland KB, Stewart AG, Edwards F, Paterson DL, Coulter S, Heney C, George N, Harris P. Emerg Infect Dis. Its ability to be a biocatalyst and to reduce iron has lead to interesting research done with Shewanella putrefaciens being used in fuel cells. The sheep blood for preparation of sheep blood agar was kindly provided by UKM Animal House. Bio-chemical characteristics of most isolates corresponded to S. putrefaciens described by Saeed et al. . Microorganisms. This misidentification has also been reported in other studies. The most commonly reported antibiotic resistance is against beta-lactams, such as amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin; and against cephalosporins such as cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefotaxime [74] in accordance with the resistance observed in this study. Based on phylogenetic analysis and sequence similarity data, strains Sa-BW1, Sa-BW2, Sa-BW7, and Sa-BW8 were clearly regarded as S. algae. A conserved histidine in cytochrome c maturation permease CcmB of Shewanella putrefaciens is required for anaerobic growth below a threshold standard redox potential. already built in. University of Missouri Biological Department. thermosphacta and Sh. 1, 2 This pathogen has a potential to live in fresh . No anaerobic organisms were isolated. Shewanella putrefaciens play a predominant role in food spoilage processes, mainly correlated with spoilage of frozen fish and meat products. Biochemical identification of the isolate was carried out using the API 20E kit (bioMr- ieux, France). Infections form Shewanella putrfaciens mainly occur in soft tissue such as skin, intra-abdominal areas, or in the blood (Pagani) (McNair). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Initially, these species were named Achromobacter putrefaciens, later changed to Pseudomonas putrefaciens, and was finally, in 1985, classified as Shewanella genus. The water samples were serially diluted up to 105 using 0.8% saline water and 0.1 mL of the diluted samples were inoculated on marine agar by spread plate technique. Six of the adults had associated traumatic lesions of the lower extremity, and of the eight patients who died of sepsis, six were neutropenic. Gilardi G L. Pseudomonas. However, there are few studies on the biosorption of Cr(VI) by Shewanella putrefaciens, which is a metal-reducing bacterium. The study was financially supported by the Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) Science Fund (Grant no. Schmidt U, Kapila R, Kaminski Z, Louria D. Von Graevenitz A. Since bacterial species may also be introduced to every marine environment in many ways and may be present in polluted environment, we cannot clearly conclude that the presence of S. algae in the local water is due to the release of ballast water. "Clin Infect Dis". 1997. Continuous determination of biochemical oxygen demand using . The site is secure. 1995. Domnguez H, Vogel BF, Gram L, Hoffmann S, Schaebel S. Clin Infect Dis. Potential invasion of microorganisms and pathogens via interior hull fouling:Biofilms inside ballast water tanks. Shewanella algae is ubiquitous in marine-associated environments and has been increasingly recognized as a significant human pathogen that can cause serious infections mainly associated with exposure to seawater and ingestion of raw seafood. This means that Shewanella infections occur in warm climates or during especially warm summers in temperate climates. Streptococci are non-motile, microaerophilic, Grampositive spherical bacteria (cocci).They often occur as chains or pairs and are facultative or strict anaerobes. Out of more than 60 known Shewanella species, Shewanella putrefaciens, Shewanella haliotis, Shewanella xiamenensis, and S. algae have been documented with pathogenicity in human beings [15-17]. Clin . F rom its discovery in 1931 and definition in medical literature in 1973, few cases of the uranium-reducing bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens have been described. Details of each ballast water samples are shown in Table-1. Taxonomy/description (1410, 2346, 2990, 4902). The incubation was performed at 30C for up to 72 h and the results were recorded. Advertisers Access Statistics Resources. O'Toole G.A. The most common clinical symptoms described in human infections by S. algae are bacteremia, cellulitis, and chronic otitis media [18]. 2001. PMC [24]. It is used as many things from a bioremediate of chlorinated compounds to a radionuclide and a biocatalyst. Isolation and characterization of. Bottone E.J, Reitano M, Janda J.M, Troy K, Cuttner J. Pavlov D, De Wet C.M, Grabow W.O, Ehlers M.M. S. putrefaciens and Streptococcus viridans were isolated from both sets of blood culture bottles after 24 h of aerobic incubation. It failed to ferment sugars and was negative for O-nitrophenyl--galactase, arginine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, tryptophan deaminase, and indole and in the Voges-Proskauer test. In this retrospective study we describe 28 cases of S. putrefaciens bacteremia: 16 in premature and 1-day-old neonates, 9 in adults, and 3 in children younger than 1 year of age. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Japanese Journal . 2022 Dec;13(1):1515-1532. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2117831. Shewanella (Pseudomonas) putrefaciens is a rare pathogen in humans, and to our knowledge only 13 cases of S. putrefaciens bacteremia have ever been reported in the literature. 2022 Oct 17;12:1042977. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1042977. "Microbe of the Week". Mcnair, Jamilla. Ships carry ballast water to control their stability and trim at the start of the voyage. However, in recent whole-genome sequencing S. haliotis and S. upenei were proposed as a later heterotrophic synonym of S. algae [53-55]. Pathogenicity of two isolates (Pt38 and K116) for freshwater fish was assayed. Sheweanella putrefaciens grows quickly on both solid and liquid media and is recognizable for its pink color. Comparing the OD means of each S. algae isolate to differentiation criterion; ODc = 0.143, 2 ODc = 0.286, and 4 ODC = 0.332, all strains were observed to be strongly adherent with OD value; 1.310.9 (Sa-BW1), 1.231.0 (Sa-BW2), 1.160.5 (Sa-BW7), 0.910.4 (Sa-BW8), 0.930.01 (Sa-SW2), and 0.890.6 (Sa-SW3), respectively. This research is being done at the Korean Institute of Science and Technologyand has shown that Shewanella has the ability to be used in a fuel cell as part of a biosensor for lactate. [A rare cause of pneumonia: Shewanella putrefaciens]. FKS, FS, and AA reviewed the manuscript. It is a gram negative bacteria, meaning it does not dye during gram staining, which usually indicates a stronger antibiotic resistance. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://www.asm.org/protocols/kirby-bauer-disk-diffusion-susceptibility-test-pro. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Each experiment included a group of the same condition but without microbes as the negative control. [ 26 ]. All isolates showed positive reaction for cytochrome oxidase, catalase, high tolerance to NaCl (6% and 8%), ability to grow at 42C, and on Salmonella-Shigella agar. We found Shewanella putrefaciens to be the primary bacteria in the terrestrial sewage wastewater outlets around Ningbo City, China. [Opportunistic infections caused by Shewanella, new emergent bacteria]. Microbiol Infect 1997; 3: 329-334. You may notice problems with GenBank nucleotide accession numbers for the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences are shown in the phylogenetic tree. In contrast, other strains of S. putrefaciens have been described as pathogenic for other cultured fish damage of the mouth, extensive skin discoloration, exophthalmia, ascites and bad odour. Download scientific diagram | Biochemical test result of Shewanella putrefaciens. Geochim. Shewanella spp. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Shewanella putrefaciens is a Gram-negative bacterium. The authors thank the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for providing equipment and infrastructures for the research. The samples were then subjected to biochemical tests. Plasma-activated water (PAW)a product of non-thermal plasma reaction with water, containing a rich variety of highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), is a green prospective solution for decontamination of . Shewanella putrefaciens is a main food spoilage bacteria in marine fish, which in turn can effect human health, but also creates a problem for the food industry. The possible risk factors for bloodstream infection by S. putrefaciens are (i) prematurity and congenital pneumonia, (ii) ulceration of the lower extremities, and (iii) an underlying debility (3). FOIA Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S. MEGA6:Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 60. Martin-Rodriguez A.J, Martin-Pujol O, Artiles-Campelo F, Bolanos-Rivero M, Romling U. Viridans streptococci are the most common infectious agents in subacute bacterial endocarditis and may occasionally be accompanied by other bacteria (2), as was seen in this case. "Clin Infect Dis". Thus, it is considered necessary for microbes to contain more than one extracellular enzyme to be virulent. FKS and FS were the supervisors for the study. Biochemicals and Gram Positive Organisms ID Course Facilitator Guide, page 7. 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