Sulerzhitsky, Ch. FREE Outline. Under Hugo Chvez a 2001 law placed limits on foreign investment. The president may ask the National Assembly to pass an enabling act granting the ability to rule by decree in specified policy areas; this requires a two-thirds majority in the Assembly. [367][368] Nationwide, about 93% of schools do not meet the minimum requirements to operate and 77% do not have utilities such as food, water or electricity.[368]. The main desert in the country is in the state of Falcon near the city of Coro. Inflation [254], This corruption is shown with Venezuela's significant involvement in drug trafficking, with Colombian cocaine and other drugs transiting Venezuela towards the United States and Europe. [313] Other major cities include Barquisimeto, Valencia, Maracay, Maracaibo, Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz, Mrida and San Cristbal. [89][90][91][92] Since February 2014, hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans have protested over high levels of criminal violence, corruption, hyperinflation, and chronic scarcity of basic goods due to policies of the federal government. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa, oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The opposition's attempts to unseat Chvez included the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'tat attempt, the Venezuelan general strike of 20022003, and the Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004, all of which failed. To the south, the dissected Guiana Highlands contain the northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and Angel Falls, the world's highest waterfall, as well as tepuis, large table-like mountains. On the other hand, there are valleys throughout almost all the national space, except in the great sedimentary basins of the Llanos and the depression of the Maracaibo Lake, except also in the Amazonian peneplains.[179]. [386] According to the CONMEBOL alphabetical rotation policy established in 2011, Venezuela is scheduled to host the Copa Amrica every 40 years. [356] Diseases ranging from diphtheria, plague, malaria,[238] typhoid fever, yellow fever, cholera, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis D were present in the country. [36] Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs. They include xeric scrublands in the extreme northwest and coastal mangrove forests in the northeast. [2] The channel also allows salt water to mix with the yellowish fresh water of the lake, making the northern parts brackish and unsuited for drinking or irrigation. A. Andreev, G. Grosse, L. Schirrmeister, S. A. Kuzmina, E. Y. Novenko, A. Most of Venezuela's gold held abroad was located in London. The state of Mrida,[284] for the beauty of its Andean landscapes and its pleasant climate, is one of the main tourist centers of Venezuela. [327] The Venezuelan government, however, were actively recruiting immigrants from Eastern Europe to fill a need for engineers. Venezuela is involved in a long-standing disagreement about the control of the Guayana Esequiba area. Upcoming Tech Events. The collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 Venezuelan presidential election, the catalyst for the Bolivarian Revolution, which began with a 1999 Constituent Assembly, where a new Constitution of Venezuela was imposed. In the early 21st century, a movement known as "Movida Acstica Urbana" featured musicians trying to save some national traditions, creating their own original songs but using traditional instruments. [253] Similarly, the World Justice Project ranked Venezuela 99th out of 99 countries surveyed in its 2014 Rule of Law Index. It has a total area of 916,445km2 (353,841sqmi) and a land area of 882,050km2 (340,560sqmi), making Venezuela the 33rd largest country in the world. Venezuela is connected to the world primarily via air (Venezuela's airports include the Simn Bolvar International Airport in Maiqueta, near Caracas and La Chinita International Airport near Maracaibo) and sea (with major sea ports at La Guaira, Maracaibo and Puerto Cabello). [2] The Caron is capable of producing as much hydroelectric power as any river in Latin America and has contributed significantly to the nation's electric power production. [93][94][95][96][97] Demonstrations and riots have resulted in over 40 fatalities in the unrest between Chavistas and opposition protesters[98] and opposition leaders, including Leopoldo Lpez and Antonio Ledezma were arrested. Strab. FREE The best writer. [citation needed], The Central Range runs parallel to the coast and includes the hills surrounding Caracas; the Eastern Range, separated from the Central Range by the Gulf of Cariaco, covers all of Sucre and northern Monagas. Shaped roughly like an inverted triangle, the country has a 2,800km (1,700mi) long coastline. Consequently, any attempt to categorize the Venezuelan valleys, based exclusively on the characteristics of their modeling, would be quite elementary. On the Atlantic side it drains most of Venezuela's river waters. The indigenous musical styles of Venezuela are exemplified by groups like Un Slo Pueblo and Serenata Guayanesa. The voting age in Venezuela is 18 and older. Acculturation and assimilation, typical of a cultural syncretism, led to the Venezuelan culture of the present day, which is similar in many ways to the culture of the rest of Latin America, but still has its own unique characteristics. There are Buddhist centers in Caracas, Maracay, Mrida, Puerto Ordz, San Felipe, and Valencia. (1979). Microsoft is building an Xbox mobile gaming store to take on United Kingdom:Taylor & Francis. In 2014, a series of protest and demonstrations began in Venezuela, attributed[by whom?] [citation needed], Additionally, the country maintains a historical claim on the territory it calls Guyana Esequiba, which is equivalent to about 160,000 square kilometers and corresponds to all the territory administered by Guyana west of the Esequibo River. [citation needed], In December 2017, President Maduro declared that leading opposition parties would be barred from taking part in the following year's presidential vote after they boycotted mayoral polls. [82], Chvez survived several further political tests, including an August 2004 recall referendum. Nevertheless, in the 2011 census, which Venezuelans were asked to identify themselves according to their customs and ancestry, the term pardo was excluded from the answers. Murder rate (murder per 100,000 citizens) from 1998 to 2018. Success Essays - Assisting students with assignments online [33] Late Pleistocene hunting artifacts, including spear tips, have been found at a similar series of sites in northwestern Venezuela known as "El Jobo"; according to radiocarbon dating, these date from 13,000 to 7,000 BC. It is ranked 151 out of 156 countries in the index of Geopolitical Gains and Losses after energy transition (GeGaLo).[221]. The first steps taken by PSUV and government were the substitution of the entire Supreme court a day after the Parliamentary Elections[194] contrary to the Constitution of Venezuela, acclaimed as a fraud by the majority of the Venezuelan and international press. [256], Venezuela is divided into 23 states (estados), a capital district (distrito capital) corresponding to the city of Caracas, and the Federal Dependencies (Dependencias Federales, a special territory). The national dance is the joropo. It has an extensive network of hotels not only in its capital city, but also throughout the state. A number of failed economic policies and increasing corruption in government led to rising poverty and crime, worsening social indicators, and increased political instability. Venezuela also claims the region of Guayana Esequiba, currently under the control of Guyana. Although most residents are monolingual Spanish speakers, many languages are spoken in Venezuela. The Caron and the Apure are other major rivers. Following the rise of political literature during the Venezuelan War of Independence, Venezuelan Romanticism, notably expounded by Juan Vicente Gonzlez, emerged as the first important genre in the region. [citation needed] A month later, President Maduro announced the 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election and on 30 August 2017, the 2017 Constituent National Assembly was elected into office and quickly stripped the National Assembly of its powers. [276] In 2016, consumer prices in Venezuela increased 800% and the economy declined by 18.6%, entering an economic depression. The gomecista dictatorship (19351945) system largely continued under Eleazar Lpez Contreras, but from 1941, under Isaas Medina Angarita, was relaxed. However, many major government and military officials have been known for their involvement with drug trafficking; especially with the October 2013 incident of men from the Venezuelan National Guard placing 1.3 tons of cocaine on a Paris flight knowing they would not face charges. It was submitted to a "neutral" commission (composed of British, American, and Russian representatives and without a direct Venezuelan representative), which in 1899 decided mostly against Venezuela's claim. The landscape is dotted with cacti and other xerophytic plants that can survive in humidity-free conditions near the desert. In the north of Venezuela, there are two mountain ranges, the Cordillera de la Costa, parallel to the coast, where Caracas is located, and the Cordillera de Mrida in the north-west, which is the Andean part of Venezuela. New Siberian Islands [285][286] Under the economic policy of the Nicols Maduro government, greater shortages occurred due to the Venezuelan government's policy of withholding United States dollars from importers with price controls. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}7N 65W / 7N 65W / 7; -65. [327] Due to the belief that this immigration influx depressed wages, some Venezuelans opposed European immigration. [citation needed], The country can be further divided into ten geographical areas, some corresponding to climatic and biogeographical regions. [need quotation to verify], The election in 1973 of Carlos Andrs Prez coincided with an oil crisis, in which Venezuela's income exploded as oil prices soared; oil industries were nationalized in 1976. [136] In March 2020, the Trump administration indicted Maduro and several Venezuelan officials, including the Chief Justice of the Supreme Tribunal, on charges of drug trafficking, narcoterrorism, and corruption. Lowest temperature readings. [236] Attempts at fighting crime such as Operation Liberation of the People were implemented to crack down on gang-controlled areas[237] but, of reported criminal acts, less than 2% are prosecuted. The highest temperature recorded was 42C (108F) in Machiques,[145] and the lowest temperature recorded was 11C (12F), it has been reported from an uninhabited high altitude at Pramo de Piedras Blancas (Mrida state),[146] even though no official reports exist, lower temperatures in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada de Mrida are known. Navigation in Lake Maracaibo through the natural channel is useful for the mobilization of oil resources. Los Roques Archipelago is made up of a set of islands and keys that constitute one of the main tourist attractions in the country. Notable mammals include the giant anteater, jaguar, and the capybara, the world's largest rodent. Other noteworthy bodies of water are the Guri reservoir, the Altagracia lagoon, the Camatagua reservoir and the Mucubaj lagoon in the Andes. [53] Child malnutrition (defined as stunting or wasting in children under the age of five) was 17%. [150] Venezuela had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.78/10, ranking it 19th globally out of 172 countries. Caracas The capital, Caracas, is located in a valley, about 15 km (9 miles) away from the sea. Average Brightness. Relations between Venezuela and the United States government worsened in 2002, after the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'tat attempt during which the U.S. government recognized the short-lived interim presidency of Pedro Carmona. The basin of the lake and the plains of the Gulf of Venezuela make up two plains: the northern one, drier, and the southern one, humid and with swamps.[171]. The largest basin in this area is the extensive Orinoco basin[166] whose surface area, close to one million km2, is greater than that of the whole of Venezuela, although it has a presence of 65% in the country. Spanish influences can be seen in the country's architecture, music, religion, and language. The state oil company PDVSA played a key role in the December 2002 February 2003 national strike which sought President Chvez' resignation. It receives slanting rays of the sun as this region lies farthest from the equator. news [2] Lake Maracaibo occupies much of the lower-lying territory. In his work Summa de geografa, he states that the crew found indigenous people who called themselves the Veneciuela. The great poet and humanist Andrs Bello was also an educator and intellectual (He was also a childhood tutor and mentor of Simn Bolvar). A devastating earthquake that struck Caracas in 1812, together with the rebellion of the Venezuelan llaneros, helped bring down the republic. The Orinoco receives directly or indirectly rivers such as the Ventuari, the Caura, the Caron, the Meta, the Arauca, the Apure and many others. [34], It is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish conquest; it has been estimated at around one million. 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