Finally, the experimental results for the degradation of oily sludge showed that the degradation rate of oily sludge was improved when the fermentation conditions were optimised. PMC legacy view Also, those incubated at 4 and 24C treatments differed greatly from each other (Figure Figure44). Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in the environment. Roseobacter and Alteromonas, known to be particle-associated bacteria (Dang and Lovell, 2016), may be linked to the colonization of the oil-water interface. Urakawa H, Garcia JC, Barreto PD, Molina GA, Barreto JC. Trimmed reads were clustered at 4% using USEARCH and any not joining a cluster were removed. Oil-Degrading Bacteria | Scientific.Net Metabolic predictions on copy-number normalized OTUs were made through the Galaxy (Goecks et al., 2010) server located at http://huttenhower.sph.harvard.edu/galaxy/. The similarity of the microbial communities was examined with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), and the significance among the treatments was further tested with analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). The saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons were fractionated with 12 mL of hexane and 15 mL of benzene in hexane (50% v/v), respectively. Fuhrman J. Microbial Response to the MC-252 Oil and Corexit 9500 in the Gulf of Mexico. 2012. Coulon F., Pelletier E., Gourhant L., Delille D. (2005). Schedler M., Hiessl R., Juarez A. G. V., Gust G., Muller R. (2014). Oil Degrading Properties of Marine Bacteria, The purpose of this lab is to examine the bio emulsification properties of, on used and unused motor oil and compare the differences in effectiveness. In the 4C experiments, the surface water incubation with added oil clustered the closest with the controls, which separated slightly from the bottom water incubation (with oil addition), especially at day 50. Microbial growth has been measured by oxygen depletion and/or microbial biomass, but nutrient (e.g. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. The surface tension was 40.70 0.47 mN/m for the incubation conditions of RD with a C source of 26.94 0.62 g and a rotational speed of 210 r/min. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Microbial oil-degradation under mild hydrostatic pressure (10 MPa): which pathways are impacted in piezosensitive hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria? Microbial diversity during biodegradation of crude oil in seawater from the North Sea. The initial bacterial community from 2 m surface water (SI) was dominated by Cyanobacteria (60.4%), which was greatly reduced (1030%) in 4C oiled treatments but still abundant throughout the end of incubation (Figure Figure33). Changes in bacterial density in incubation experiments. To determine the identity of each remaining sequence, the sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic unit (OTU) clusters. The representative sequences have been deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"KX982530 to KX982551","start_term":"KX982530","end_term":"KX982551","start_term_id":"1079311171","end_term_id":"1079311192"}}KX982530 to KX982551. Light Louisiana sweet crude oil (LLS) was obtained from BP (BP Exploration and Production Inc.) as a surrogate for the Macondo (MC252) crude oil released during the DWH oil spill. (2012). Surface (2 m) and bottom (1537 m) waters, collected near the Deepwater Horizon site, were amended with 200 ppm light Louisiana sweet crude oil and bacterial inoculums from surface or bottom water, and incubated at 4 or 24C for 50 days. The ship time was funded by NSF Chemical Oceanography Program (OCE-1129659 to ZL). People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Langille M. G. I., Zaneveld J., Caporaso J. G., McDonald D., Knights D., Reyes J. Aliquots of filtered water were frozen at -20C for nutrient analysis. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa A sensitive crude oil bioassay indicates that oil spills potentially induce a change of major nitrifying prokaryotes from the Archaea to the Bacteria. Record your The temperature again was the main factor of affecting the bacterial community structures. Hammer ., Harper D. A. T., Ryan P. D. (2001). Metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and single cell sequencing reveal bacterial response to the Gulf oil spill. During the degradation . By Nilde Maggie Dannreuther. After the degradation experiment using oil-degrading bacteria (C4C5) and bacteria consortium (C4C5+L3L4), the organic phase was extracted with n-hexane and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, which repeated three times and concentefficienced to 2 mL with a dry nitrogen blowing instrument (ZGDCY-24). Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds that differ in volatility and solubility and are degraded at different rates. In a recent report, Scoma et al. Microbial respiration rates increased heavily within the oil slicks upon surface waters in the Gulf of Mexico near the Deepwater Horizon incident. Characterization of hydrocarbon degrading microbial populations in contaminated and pristine Alpine soils. However, these Cyanobacteria, mainly Synechococcus (Figure Figure4C4C), were nearly undetected in 24C treatments from 5 days. Role of thermophilic bacteria (Bacillus and Geobacillus) on crude oil Study IDs Oil-Degrading and Mucus-Producing Microbes Linked to Marine AlteromonasandThalassospira, the primary isolates, preferably biodegraded alkanes (1777%) compared to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs (0.9023%). Since the 16 PAHs comprised only a small fraction of the oil (<2% by weight) and PAHs can be inhibitory to some bacteria (Bacosa et al., 2012, 2015a), an increase in bacterial density sometimes does not provide direct evidence of PAH degradation, rather a shift to PAH-degrading community is more informative (Bacosa et al., 2010, 2012). New Technique for Enhancing Residual Oil Recovery from Low-Permeability In our previous experiment (Bacosa et al., 2015b), Pseudoalteromonas was also detected in a very low abundance but never became dominant in either light or dark when incubated at natural surface temperature (average of ca. The oil degrading bacteria are mostly common in sea water all over the world and are particularly essential to address oil polluted waters as soon as possible as the contamination can have the potential to damage fishery resources and affect the health of those animals and humans that consume contaminated fish. Shiller AM, Joung DJ. MacDonald I. R., Reilly J. F., Jr., Best W. E., Venkataramaiah R., Sassen R., Guinasso N. L., Jr., et al. Frontiers in Microbiotechnology, Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation 3:357. COREXIT, the chemical dispersant applied in the BP oil spill, was tested against these bacteria for toxicity purposes. Bushnell-Hass (BH) medium was utilized for biodegradation experiments. The significance of clustering was analyzed by one-way analysis of similarities (ANOSIM). Ambient bacterial community may also be important as oil encounters different communities during the transit from deep to surface ocean. Study IDs Oil-Degrading and Mucus-Producing Microbes Linked to Marine Oil Snow Formation. The aims of this study was were to (1) reveal the biodegradability of oil through the preparation of mixed bacterial agent involved in oil degradation and (2) analyze the petroleum hydrocarbons degradation characteristics of the mixed bacterial agent on a laboratory scale. Bacterial genera developed in the 4C incubations included Cycloclasticus, Pseudoalteromonas, Sulfitobacter and Reinekea. The concentration of nitrate+nitrite increased in treatments at 5 days particularly for the surface inoculants, possibly because the inoculation using whole water not only introduced bacteria but also dissolved and particulate organic matter, such as algal cells, from surface water, which were quickly remineralized. Seasonal Monitoring of Hydrocarbon Degraders in Alabama Marine Ecosystems Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. This observation indicated that a combination of 4C and bottom community inoculation was a key factor for the growth of Cycloclasticus. Partial RDA further revealed that temperature was the major driver in shaping the bacterial communities (57%, P = 0.001), followed by the initial community with 19% (P = 0.007) of the total variation (Supplementary Table S2). Learn more This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Changes in the relative abundances of bacteria at genus level in incubation experiments with or without crude oil. Five bottles were sacrificed at each time point (0, 5, 12, 30, and 50 days) for each treatment. Elango V., Urbano M., Lemelle K. R., Pardue J. H. (2014). Of the diverse range of oil-degrading bacteria isolated to date, less than a quarter have been obtained from marine sources. (2011). These results indicate that the types of oil degraders developed are selected by certain combined environmental conditions. Is Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gram-positive or Gram-negative? The impact of Deepwater Horizon oil spill on petroleum hydrocarbons in surface waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Detection of natural oil slicks in the NW Gulf of Mexico using MODIS imagery. The hydrocarbon composition of LLS can be found in our previous work (Bacosa et al., 2015a). For example, two bacterial isolates from Antarctic seawater showed lower hydrocarbon degradation rates at 4C than at 20C (Michaud et al., 2004). The beakers were sealed with double layers of Para film and were incubated at 30 C. These microorganisms often play a critical role in the weathering of spilled oil in marine environments (Harayama et al., 2004; Atlas and Hazen, 2011). Changes in the composition of bacteria at class level in incubation experiments with or without crude oil. Isolation, screening, and crude oil degradation characteristics of 200 mg L-1. Some bacteria developed well in both 4 and 24C such as Alcanivorax and Alteromonas. NMDS was performed using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity distances in PAST software package, V2.17 (Hammer et al., 2001). 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Chakraborty R, Borglin SE, Dubinsky EA, Andersen GL, Hazen TC. Nonetheless, this study suggests that the microbes degraded oil at a rate that was of the same order as the delivery of the oil. Hazen T. C., Prince R. C., Mahmoudi N. (2016). Proper dilution of practically non-toxic COREXIT is 1:50, but this ratio was highly toxic to microbial communities directly involved in natural oil bioremediation. Frontiers in Microbiotechnology, Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation 3:357. Effects of nutrient and temperature on degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated sub-Antarctic soil. The counting error for duplicate samples was estimated within 35%. The numbers on horizontal axis indicate the days of incubation. PICRUSt analysis predicted some genes associated with the degradation of aromatic compounds and benzoate (Supplementary Figure S3), which is a common metabolite of bacterial metabolism of several PAHs (Haritash and Kaushik, 2009). Oil-degrading bacteria are essential in marine environments that are subject to frequent natural and anthropogenic seepage. Chakraborty R, Borglin SE, Dubinsky EA, Andersen GL, Hazen TC. Canadian Forces Station Alert (CFS-Alert), site of experiments on the ability of high Arctic bacteria to degrade oil under ambient conditions. 2011. Treatments were then compared using one-way analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) to verify the significance of the clustering. 2012. A very similar pattern was observed for the treatments with surface inoculums. Funding. Valentine D. L., Kessler J. D., Redmond M. C., Mendes S. D., Heintz M. B., Farwell C., et al. Please credit images and/or videos as done in each article. The DROPPS Consortium is composed of members from the following institutions: The University of Texas Marine Science InstituteI750 Channel View Drive,Port Aransas, TX 78373 IPhone: 361-749-3102 IFax: 361-749-6777, The University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) producing and oil degrading bacteria isolated from the northern Gulf of Mexico, Study Summarizes Current Knowledge on Marine Oil Snow During and After Deepwater Horizon, Study Finds Natural Sunlight Affects Oil-Degrading Bacteria Composition and Dynamics, Study Finds Environmental Factors Influence the Selection of Oil-Degrading Microbes, Study Identifies Oil Degraders that Stand Ready for Hydrocarbon Inputs, Oil-derived marine aggregates hot spots of polysaccharide degradation by specialized bacterial communities, Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI), Aggregation and Degradation of Dispersants and Oil by Microbial Exopolymers (ADDOMEx), 750 Channel View Drive,Port Aransas, TX 78373. For the analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicon, we used MOTHUR4 version 1.16.1 (Schloss et al., 2009). Microbial communities in oil-contaminated seawater. SW- filtered surface water; SI- unfiltered surface water (inoculum); BW- filtered bottom water; BI- unfiltered bottom water (inoculum). Stream microbial diversity in response to environmental changes: review and synthesis of existing research. Potential Environmental Factors Affecting Oil-Degrading Bacterial The salt marshes in Alabama have been impacted by the BP oil spill, but since these are delicate ecosystems, the best way to rectify the problem would be bioremediation (i.e., the use of microbes to degrade or remove a pollutant) by the local microbial community. It is worthy to note that Cycloclasticus and Pseudoalteromonas were enriched for nearly 3 months in the subsurface plumes of dispersed oil during DWH spill, which has a temperature of around 4C. The pyrosequencing raw data were converted into FASTA files, and analyzed using a custom scripted bioinformatics pipeline (Handl et al., 2011; Ishak et al., 2011), including four major steps: quality trimming, clustering, chimera checking, and denoising. Extraction and Characterization of Oil Degrading Bacteria - Science Alert aerobic or anerobic conditions, and the physiology and location of the marine environment (Rodger et. The ratio of C17/pristane as indicators of biodegradation, decreased with time in most treatments (Supplementary Figure S5A). The .gov means its official. Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria Alcanivorax and Marinobacter Associated An Evaluation of Oil Degrading Bacteria - ukessays.com Interestingly, pristane and phytane as biomarkers were degraded up to 90% and 91% respectively by the enrichment culture H11S, and six culturable oil-degrading bacterial strains were isolated. Hamdan L, Fulmer P. 2011. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Based upon BLASTn + sequence identity, each bacterium was identified to its closest relative and taxonomic level from fragments of gene sequences. (2011). Using 16S rRNA gene analysis, they identifiedAlteromonasandThalassospiraas the main bacteria species that produce EPS when consuming oil and/or dispersed oil. Effects of COREXIT EC9500A on bacteria from a beach oiled by the Deepwater Horizon spill. The highest growth using surface inoculum occurred in the treatment with bottom water incubated at 24C (78120-fold), while using bottom inoculum occurred in bottom water incubated at 24C (1101100-fold). Earlier studies1-4identified bacterial communities and genera associated with hydrocarbon degradation, but not much is known about bacteria that produce EPS in response to the availability of carbon sources like oil and dispersed oil. Seawater was collected during the R/V Pelican cruise in May 2013 using Niskin bottles mounted on a conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) rosette (Seabird 911) at a station (28 44.20N; 88 21.82W) 1.4 km from the DWH site. Incubation at 24C also increased the bacterial diversity particularly that of using bottom inoculum. Here, a novel "microbial-nanofluid" composed of petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (PHDB, namely Bacillus cereus) and SiO2 nanoparticles was proposed as a potential new technology for enhancing residual oil recovery. In the presence of oil, Alteromonas increased from 1% initially to 411% on days 5 and 12 in surface water, but particularly dominated using bottom water (1534%), suggesting the importance of water chemistry in controlling their development. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds that differ in volatility and solubility and are degraded at different rates. (2010). (2010). This current study sought to fill that information gap by associating bacteria that consume oil with EPS production. Thalassobius also developed well in the surface water incubated at 24C. Mason O. U., Hazen T. C., Borglin S., Chain P. S. G., Dubinsky E. A., Fortney J. L., et al. Spraying areas of contamination with oil-eating microbes accelerates the degradation of the oil. Moreover, Oleibacter, known to degrade alkanes, was undetected in both surface and bottom water but increased to as high as 3745% in treatments with oil incubated at 24C using bottom water. Magnitude of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil leak. 2012. Enhancing the ability of two kinds of oil-degrading bacteria to treat This higher protein content in the EPS enhanced the formation of larger and more marine oil snow aggregates. the identification of some of these new fatty acids has been carried out. Bacterial counts revealed that. Partial RDA (pRDA) was also performed to estimate the variance explained by each variable. The effect of temperature on crude oil degradation rates and bacterial types has often been observed (Nedwell, 1999; Eriksson et al., 2001; Coulon et al., 2007). Evaluation of the bacterial diversity in the feces of cattle using 16S rDNA bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). Gutierrez T., Singleton D. R., Berry D., Yang T., Aitken M. D., Teske A. Water Air and Soil Pollution 223(6):3145-3154. When both filtered surface and bottom waters were inoculated with bottom bacterial community, Cycloclasticus increased remarkably when incubated with oil only at 4C. TheGulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI)is a 10-year independent research program established to study the effect, and the potential associated impact, of hydrocarbon releases on the environment and public health, as well as to develop improved spill mitigation, oil detection, characterization and remediation technologies. 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